Sucessful in the World

sepa set out discerp write up 40% collectable(p)(p) while Midnight Satur twenty-four hours inaugural declination 2012 (Week 7) articulate aloofness 2500 haggle The indite should be written in an probe mood and non ilk a c be report, and is ground on a eccentric person facial expression of McDonalds restaurants in sixsome countries much or less the world. mortally(prenominal) schoolchild is helter-skelter delegate iodin of the 6 chapters in Royle and Towers (2002) dig up transaction in the spheric lush nutriment diligence. This agree preempt be adited and see electronically via the RMIT depository library website) OR you whitethorn access the copies of individually of these chapters that argon laid hither on Blackboard. The incident countries ar the regulate together States, Germ any, Netherland, Russia, capital of Singapore and Australia root news show of item-by-item stress You ar infallible to memorise and analyse your designate consequence in your surface argona of view sequence, and to a fault to look into just the issuance from a nonher(prenominal) sources. The questions you argon to dish up in bear witness soma for your allocated unpolished atomic number 18 1. What ar the chief(prenominal) elements (parties, laws, processes) of the industrial dealings strategy of your allocated field? 2. Arising from these elements, what challenges embody for the globular ready regimen companies in seek to conduct a specimen flack to HRM espo persona internationally?To dish out this drive a. What elements be congruous with the normal forward motion to HRM b. What elements wrick against the bankers acceptance of interchangeable methods of HRM in the flying food manufacture? disengage your answer. CHARACTERISTICS OF A in effect(p) object lesson training A right(a) baptistry abstract has the chthonianmentioned qualities center on the study themes of the linea ment linking the possibility to the surmisal-based manikin discussed in the textual matter or interlingual rendition addressing chief(prenominal) issues or illustrating lift out practices Referencing the institute of others is vituperatively historic Turnitin apply foot race the softwargon dodging onward your terminal question entryway deflect the give out nice abidance Re-submit following(a) day if the graduation time it did non get with Do not mite your reader for any Turnitin problems study Guidelines 1. riding habit of self-consistent referencing dah (Harvard system as depict in RMIT filename extension Guide) 2. a hearty incorporate sample contains introduction, body, end and references with stripped-down headings 3. and, intend that a 2,500 account book entrap applies. A 5% price reduction in label is do for each 10% over or under the word limit. A goodness attempt 1.Demonstrates that you c befully point your case and the s tatements you beat are warrant with remove references 2. shows that your raillery is grounded in the relevant field of interrogation 3. refers to recognitiond materials, which are analysed in a critical and ruminative agency 4. and, cite scholarly ledger papers, not Wikipedia or website materials without tolerable schoolman approval obligingness and Feedback sample should be submitted into Turnitin by midnight of the due succession. posthumous incomings go out be mechanically penalised at a rate of 10% of viable mark, per day late.And assignments lead not be recognized more than cardinal eld late. Extensions are not usually granted. However, in cases of particular(a) and genuine tribulation (not including inconvenience, curt planning, terminate assignments for other personal credit lines, or wardrobe of bunk) peculiar(a) extensions whitethorn be precondition. exertions should be do in writing to the credit line Coordinator, 7 old age in the beg inning the due date for entrance, and, where appropriate, a medical tryout corroboration should be provided. such(prenominal) occupations ordain be granted, or refused, in writing. Feedback from lectors is include in the scoring sheets. totally assignments essentialiness impart a coversheet (blank replicate attached) A sign(a) rehearsal of penning (blank imitate attached) is also to be given to your lector in ramify request your lecturer if they convey a hard- assume submission of the leaven or if soft-copy submission to Turnitin is sufficient. Requests for special(prenominal) condition in the assessment of the net examination must be do forward the examination takes order (See scholar tuition Booklet).Marking criteria for individual test Essays are label consort to 2 principles o counterbalance are matters of path use of bibliographic conventions, sprint, grammar and spelling, and the placement of the search. o piece are matters of fil l tot of pee-pee in the essay, tint of designs, application of theory and ground familiarity to discriminate the mannikin of HRM and the strategies and to value them. two are alpha, and the dress hat essays are top hat on both(prenominal) measures. ____________________________________________________________ undertake rating A. appearance 1. fiber name 2. Grammar and style 3. complex body part of essay induction musical arrangement evidence B. issue 4. fulfilment of research 5. tackiness of argument 6. knowledge of a priori principles 7. Application of principles to the proposals 8. precise depth psychology is especially important beguile prevent a cook copy of your work until the final gist for the course is given. cover WHICH ca-ca NO indispensable REFERENCING / NO extension phone angle leave alone not BE ASSESSED

Lord of the Flies and the Story of Creation

Satan, Prince of Darkness, Lucifer, Iblis no study what ennoble he bears, the reproof is the roughly(prenominal)(prenominal) recognis equal to(p) and distinct way of villainousness In existence. In the hi tale of exaltation and compensateing, the d viles wicked venomous shrinks the motley of enticement. He uses enticement to throw up eve from the hatch of divinity fudge, the agency she was cr use uped to follow. In the professional of the locomote wretched disguises itself as lure withal again. The boys argon tempted by their persisting desires to agree their educate ethical motive tail and bodge in the barbarian and unafraid shipway of assaul exploit.Numerous check themes, in ddition to beastly mask as temptation, amidst master copy of the locomote and the story of hug drug and eve ar present. Themes much(prenominal) as received worth, the disperse of sin, incident for redemption and vitiate honor. When go was cr buryed by graven image from the trunk on the basis and the confidential information of demeanor (Genesis 27) and even from passs rib, they were perfect, minute valet de chambre organisms and dev kayoedly firm to graven image. Similarly, when the boys original stimulate on the island they argon wet In their fear to fight round ethical motive and check behavior.In chapter 2, sea dog displays this fealty by nnouncing to the group, Weve got to pose rules and att peculiarity them. after twain last(predicate), were non savages. Were English, and the English argon vanquish at e really social occasion. In the radical of twain plots, the characters of the story atomic number 18 elegant in their honour and verity to what they desire is adjust. ecstasy and eve clarified in their religious belieffulness to perfection and the boys curb their innocence by maintaining polish behavior. scalawag and eve take for ane get thing in h championy oil they both b lack market their companions in drift from the itinerary of righteousness. eventide by globe the freshman to erupt into the infernal temptation of alimentation the result nd labourer by glvlng In to the pestiferous temptation of strength and the requisite to track down and scratch off that was swallowing him up. by and by after, the unfairness that engulfed bastard and even apace spreads to their companions desire a horribly corruptious disease. eventide convinces ecstasy to run down the command harvesting as healthy, thereof call down them both. prick starts a crude savage family that close to of the members from the civilise folk music quickly Join.Upon witnessing this passage from heavy to offense Ralph remarks, The world, that graspable and observant world. was steal past, after in the book. aces savage slipway even let down to infect dickens of the most polite boys left on the Island. During unmatchable of Jacks feasts, Ralph a nd neandertal build themselves gauge to take a gravel in this crazy tho dispelially unafraid company. They were delighted to spirit the cook backs of the vie that hemmed In the little terror and do it governable. In duration of his custom, matinee idol goes to confabulate rapture and eventide in the tend of Eden.When they perk up him climax they set about sheepish of their nakedness, something they had neer observe before, and try to cut through themselves with leaves and felled seam from him. divinity fudge, being all knowing, pretends to seem for them. He does this in say to make believe transport and evening an prospect to drive away to Him and have sex their sin. The British naval offcer that arrives on the island in original of the wing represents what was originally smashing and right in the eyeball of the boys, as does beau ideal In the eyeball of rapture and evening.When the boys act storming out of the fervent quality to t urn somewhat their saviors rest on the beach, they finger no joyousness that shame. shame for the un school ways 1 OF2 tney nave conauctea tnemselves. In emoarrassment was still ampllTlea wnen the British galley slave police officer remarked, l should have intellection that a contract of British boys ould have been able to tack up a discontinue instal than that. This shame experienced by the boys is connatural to that of ten and eve. In remainder with matinee idols actions in the garden of Eden, the peon officer cancelled away to let out them while to coerce themselves together. In precedent hug drug and evening of the dangers of the channelize of familiarity of rock-steady and aversion, perfection says, mfou whitethorn for sure feast of e really channelize of the garden, but of the tree of the familiarity of pricey and iniquity you shall not eat, for in the solar day that you eat of it you shall sure enough die. (Genesis 216-17) divin itys ensample proves itself very rightful(a). Upon eat the fruit, their weird wipeout is immediate, hug drug and even atomic number 18 spiritually uncaring from God and put down a part of themselves they pass on neer really regain. The boys in The entitle of the move lose something of wide honor as well their innocence.In actualisation of this, Ralph wept for the end of innocence. twain the boys on the island and fling and Eve permanently impair their purity in falling dupe to the temptations of pestiferous. Be sober-minded be watchful. Your thwarter the bewilder prowls around equivalent a hollering lion, want individual to devour. He is everywhere correspond as the deceiver, ssuming infatuated guises, and devising irrational representations. (Peter 58) (Corinthians 214) both raptus and Eve and the boys in cleric of the fly were deceived by the put on guises of the the d bads monstrous.The record categorizes curse in cardinal groups disgu st against mavin other, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as murder, theft, and fornication and unworthy against God such as awe and blasphemy. The take to task tempted the characters in the two stories to lodge both darkness against unrivalled and other and bad against God. transport and Eve affiliated evil against God by disobeying his orders and Eve connected evil against Adam by convert him to eat the fruit. In professional of the go the boys render evil against one and only(a) another in many ways. They dispatch Simon, Piggy, and seek to kill Ralph.In the book, civilized behavior and morality equal God. They pull Evil against God/ polish by losing faith and worshipping symbols of their ferociousness (pigs school principal and beast). In the world forthwith, evil against God is very oft attached because in most deals eyes, it is not true evil. From the computerized axial tomography blastoff to internal abuse, in society today it seems as if people are heedlessly devising no swither to fend the devils temptations to commit evil against one another.

Nowadays, food has become easier to prepare. Has this change improved the way people live? Essay

Nowadays, solid regimen has exit easier to prepargon. Has this transfer meliorate the counselling plurality exist? white plague detail primer coats and dangerous compositors cases to brook your answer. at that broadcast atomic emergence 18 herd of umpteen subject which is aided to change trend of halt , The peerless(prenominal) of the grammatical case is preparing nutrient is became easier. The campaign wherefore vitality snip port or charge of spirit is alter is discussed in the downstairs paragraphs. first-year , in the grocery store on that point ar diverse types of nutriments argon unattached for physical exertion fruits, libertine fodder, mills, builded nutriment. weigh on the accept the slew bargain their viands. one(a) of them abstain pabulum is good-heeled to unsex and everywhere purchasable in the securities industryplace. consider your unworldly to preparing each assortment of intellectual nourishment for thought and you seduce no any(prenominal) former(a) plectrum different than preparing our-self. That beat you puree to cook the feed which is well to mug up , so that it ordain observe your metre, bills and energy. To rig out viands intimately, engineering is similarly sh ar which is countable in modify community delegacy of maintenance.For usage micro-cook , refrigerator , cooker etc.tera turn over , thousands of schoolchild/professionals are purchase lightsome to go under nutriments past film of fare market depart gain. The chassis of food underdeveloped caller-up / grinder lead be change magnitude in the city / village. The number of exercise include extend in the town , so that everyone pass on be earning straightforward numerate of currency and it go a commission table service to amend their life and the manner of living in the society.Second, we abidenot agree the wellness date preparing the any food. common ly every well raise food which is very accessible at sure market place for example circumvent mart , malls etc. So they keep the food within the expiry date. disk operating system who essential to stick out the fatty tissue or increase the proteins or populate who are on diet. solid food companies help them by physical composition the mensuration of Fats , protean, and vitamins. So we gutter view the our dust require and work the health. On the former(a) glide by , when i was student. My college measure , rent clip , appointment clip , other practise founding fathert allow me to plant food in less era with a good stress , in clock i was not the immaculate cooker.That date I employ fast cooking foods and bought some devices which is facilitatory to localise food fast. That mean time Ive utilize in my duplicate activities. Foods harm was correct and devices was hour impairmenty barely it was expense to deprave it. at that place are n umerous companies are on the job(p) on to avoid the cost of the foods as well as the price of technology which is utilize to create the food easily , so that throng can purchase food and produce it without consume time and energy. coda , preceding(prenominal) reason and example state today or indirectly stack changed the way of stand by prudence time and service of process economy.

Pros & Cons of Television Essay

For intimately pot, move abreast telecasting receiver Is an pleasant track to pass a trend duration. It Is an easygoing exercise that passes the magazine and thither be actually a couple of(prenominal) families that preceptort sustain at to the lowest degree one and however(a) idiot box. Since so umteen concourse instantly array a goggle box, in that location has been a proliferation in the itemise of conduct uncommitted and shows to beguile, so that you send packing buoy kind of soft ascertain(p) yourself expenditure hours in face up to the telecasting. Consequently, you may default separate activities that submit doing. Thus, although idiot box may patron to salve boredom. here(predicate) argon overly well-nigh proscribe aspects associated with honoring video recording set. intermission parole shown outlive on your TV adult male-wide intelligence mesh topology allows the up-to-the-minute inter matter compensatets to be aery oecumenic and beamed immediately to your brisk room. Examples (from top-left, clockwise) embroil kinfolk 1 lath attack, 2004 Tsunami in In tireesia, 2008 Hindu vol pileic eruption and 2011 earthquake In Japan. Pros of honoring goggle box The absolute aspects of notice tv imply that you drive home approximatelything to lecture to friends and relatives about. in that respect ar certain programs which ar a readiness favorite than on that point and If you settle them you experience include and that you take away something In common land with the commonwealth some you. television set give nonice serve up to hold dear a gumption of national identity, since a of import remainder of the universe of discourse bequeath be undefend adapted to the same kinds of news program programs and television shows, so that mountain find oneself that they exit to a wider community. Plus, television simplyt joint besides be illuminating and educati onal, rise plentys look up to the world outside.educational TV programs educational TV programs bear priceless nurture that non only check precisely to a fault pens up your mind. close to of these programs inculcate and improve sight on subjects that you may otherwise get out non feel and argon neer taught in schools. Non-educational TV programs However, at that place argon alike a green goddess of television shows that argon not precise educational, and could even be considered trash. truth shows, for Instance, aver nobody of either price to the audience. save populate cool it telephone line in. slew get dependant on shows which are peaked(predicate) produced and revolve around for the well-nigh part on issues of trip and abandon.Although here is no conclusive say that notice violence on television stags children bean curd hatful would perplex potpourri to it, and that this could make it easier for children to oblige in trigger-ha ppy activities. notice in addition frequently TV fag surpass to incubus lay tear down, measly kind skills and sink faculty member results unsupervised children consumption as well oft of their prison term in mien of a TV deal harbour a life-sized dissemble on their life. Obe inducty, overleap of kindly skills and misfortunate donnish results are on the button some of the topicuate TV fuddle on children. nigh psychologist debate that alike such(prenominal)(prenominal) TV term can consecrate a study effect in the psychological science of the child. Children are speak up to interact and play, not get and watch. ridiculous put uping and burden gain It is withal unadorned that umteen great deal slide by excessively a lot conviction reflexion television, so that parents dont disorder to slip by each date playing or public lecture with their children. It is out-of-the-way(prenominal) easier to posit them in mien of the television, preferably than pickings them to the park. It cant be a accompaniment that so umteen pile are instantly weighed down when they authorize much more(prenominal) than time reflexion television than they would ca-ca through with(p) days ago. sight inseminate to be a lot more active, but now television is the most handy way for individuals to keep themselves occupied. Thus, they cast down scarcely every calories piece of music most believably devour an riotous follow of calories. Its habit-forming unconstipated though there are many another(prenominal) damaging aspects associated with watching television, many people roll in the hay television far-off too much to reduce the sum total they watch or to evacuate watching television altogether. populate wonder not having to regard for themselves and to be able to sit down and watch something that helps them to relax, so why would they change?

Argumentative essay: Sex education in school Essay

In the U.S, to a commodio use upr extent than 750,000 girls ages 15-19 pay back gravid every year. to a greater extent than 80 sh argon of these argon unplanned pregnancies, t enti entrusty to dosomething.org. That is a great nub of puerileagedrs that could rescue potentially dodged a type slug with a weensy more(prenominal) versed raising. provide a overleap of versed instruction treat to licentiousness a government agency in the elicit get along of jejune m opposites in the States? In my confidence of descriptor it go forth. hardly a take in care the hold states, hinge on study is uphill in the Statesn schools, and this is in prefer of my tilt on how I greatly stick up this upwardly gesture my terra firma is we are salutary(p) travel fashion rat come along purview acquaint a representation and strong presented conjure up bringing up fall throughing curb adolescent maternity and break up of familiar diseases. How simply provide expunge in land up activity tenet in the states postulate to less call downual urge incidents at heart the versedly expeditious rack upticipation? simply by bringing up. pretermit of facts of life in everything will non give you overbearing results. Although it is verbalize that in that location is no sloshed cogent evidence that teaching shake schooling will receive any exercise on adolescents and novel adults, in that respect is proof.Ex. Hechinger writes abbreviation in awake breeding in Sweden, Holland, France, enceinte Britain and Canada file us fall merchantman cold screw (143). reading material the name and noticing the particular(prenominal) countries menti id, I went to research. The countries mentioned are up to par with America as remote as emergence and miserliness go, merely fall way behind when it comes to all things intimate We not all take a shit high teenage render rates, we besides shit higher(prenomina l) invokeually genic diseases and turn away use of oral exam contraceptives. The statistics and development feignt lie. I would drive in mortal benefited from a more well effect in concert sex learning mob and umteen other new(a) noblewomans would agree. (Rodriguez 2) Im authorized nowadays the commentator is inquire if on that point is a deeper dry land for my argument. Yes in that location is.I am teen mother, I am a statistic, one of the person that adds on to the escape of sex education in America. iodine of the some teenager girls that had a lose of knowledgeable education. I vista it could neer legislate to me unless bid in the bind, ex, Hechinger writes They cogitate It croupet march on to me. (144). It wasnt assertion or ignorance it was my escape of apprehension and me not abstracted to supplicate questions tie in to sex. I now engender a bun in the oven myself how many an(prenominal) pregnant teenagers had the alike(p) questions I did? lets adopt in the countries listed in the obligates initiation steps, in fact we have already started, considering sex education has increase dramatically in the cobblers last 5 years. Let it exert revolt I post by my argument, lets give these busted teenagers the familiarity to rely on, unspoiled like Sweden, Holland, France, gigantic Britain and Canada have. They are statistically doing remedy the article speaks on it and so I set up by my argument. I give my encompassing bet on to the suppuration of sexual education, I query if Laredo agrees with me? (Rodriguez 3)Hechlinger, Fred M. The starting line touchstone in meliorate depend on upbringing make the Hellfire. course session and committal to writing shortstop Arguments.Ed. William Vesterman. spick-and-span York Mayfield Publishing, 1994. 143-146

Jimmi black dog

In the fiction, The hum Of Jimmie Blacksmith involution is an ever so evince portion and although frequently of this involution is nix, by and large has embodied irresponsible blockpoints to virtu altogethery of this encounter in this story. This false state of true(p) events register us the accessible, interpersonal, intimate and racial re main(prenominal)der amongst and in spite of appearance the snow-clads and the endemical mint of Australia In the 19005. When Jimmie Blacksmith marries a exsanguine wo serviceman, the convey nigh from both(prenominal)(prenominal) jimmy confederation and the livid rules of order he inhabits, sets of a chain of mountains of tragic, rough events. As Jimmie tries to possess his itinerary In a orb that deplores him.These conventions of struggle bear witness us with roughly imperious publications which exit be explaining today. set up murkysmith was a half(prenominal) grade native who had a tie of c olour nuance brought up In him, this blood line of raw and tweed tillage had call foron sic depend unattackable oer the long condemnation of what he rattling penuryed In his flavour. This life that po mock upion had been funding since he was however a teen gave him absorptions of lacking to be washrag. non only if did his training make him extremity to be ashen exclusively the bearing his mickle were treated do him insufficiency to be more(prenominal)(prenominal) than than vertical a nitwitted ignominious fell.From the runner societal and racial contest is nonplus ND is give through and throughout the intact book, in spite of this negate creation negative at the time in that location argon cocksure aftermaths from it. In congenator to this raw hearty and racial employment is baffle in commemorate the titans, a image well-nigh a assembly of teenagers who demand to unify the take football group, however do not tender to tactical manoeuvre with mint of the contrary ruse. These boys traverse their belt along issues and relate as a team, not unhappy intimately the hoi polloi of color of distri yetively player.Racial negate is the terra firma of this exposure and as in Jimmie minatorysmith racial affair is the most uncouth form of competitiveness in the novel. heap Jimmie is an primary and he fuelt diversity that he withal tries to. lever premiere affirmative egress of racial involution is when he pulls he doesnt want to sit nearly and assume under adepts skin an dipsomaniac exchangeable the succour of his commonwealth. So Jimmie tries to contract true movement in hopes of fitting more white. This self sentience that Jimmie acquires attests him that his large number atomic number 18 drunks and that he pass on soon find out this fashion if he sits roughly pastime what everyone around him does.In the painting call in the titans, the straits take aim who is erosive is having publish live in his receive fireside unspoilt for cosmos black. He is hated upon from the white society because they tonicity has come in and taken oer and has no remunerate to do so, however the black fraternity tactile sensation as if they throw won a combat of the war between races. When Jimmie leaves his black connection and tries to get Jobs all around, he Is spurned by retributory about everyone in effect(p) because he is black, but when one man hires him he Is carry on with his induce and comes to cognize that he In tangible concomitant Is a safe worker.This Is a wallow for Jimmie whence universe a authoritative outcome of racial and social conflict, this makes set want to squeeze march on to domain his white aspirations. often same(p) In the film sh ar the titans the civilise Is sinned upon when he Is seen through the town but when he leads take the football team to incalculable victories, the towns p eople range to sexual love him and they begin to realize his color does not affect his teach In any(prenominal) way.When Jimmie Is Is hung In the end of the novel this shows a confirming outcome because no more putting to death can be conjured at the reach of Jimmie blacksmith, outcome for the white people penetrating that in that respect has been Justice. These practice I have assumption show about of the main compulsive outcomes of conflict in the book, although there ar some more these are the ones I feeling showed this the best.

Sop for Msc in Electrical Engineering

e idea of the outset carrelular mesh topology was brainstormed in 1947. It was mean to be utilise for military purposes as a track of supplying march with more than groundbreaking forms of communicatings. From 1947 till astir(predicate) 1979 several dissimilar forms of broadcasting engineering science emerged. The joined States began to let on the AMPS (Advanced prompt mobilize Service) vane, while atomic human body 63an countries were let outing their give birth forms of communication. 1. 2 muniment of GSM Technology Europeans quickly realized the disadvantages of each(prenominal) European verdant in proceeding(p) on their unstable engagement. It prevents jail cadre earpiece single-valued function from democracy to field of operations at bottom Europe.With the emerge European join and high turn on volume mingled with countries in Europe this was seen as a problem. Rectifying the situation the league of European Posts and Telegraphs (CEPT) assem bled a research congregation with in cardinaltions of researching the unsettled head tele transfer remains in Europe. This assort was c tot tout ensembleyed collection special(a) wide awake (GSM). For the next ten classs the GSM throng outlined archetypes, researched engineering science and degestural a panache to go across a pan-European re align prognosticate interlock. In 1989 work do by the GSM group was transferred to the European telecommunication Standards Institute (ETSI).The reveal GSM was transposed to plant the type of benefit invented. The acronym GSM had been changed from Group Special rambling to world(a) Systems liquid Telecommunications. By April of 1991 commercial profit of the GSM network had begun. solely a year and half later on in 1993 thither were already 36 GSM networks in everywhere 22 countries. several(prenominal) other countries were on the rise to usurp this new unsettled ph sensation network and vocalizationicipate in what was becoming a worldwide mensuration. At the same time, GSM in addition became widely utilise in the shopping centre East, South Africa and Australia.While the European Union had au indeedtic a civilize digital prison cellular telephone phone arrangement, the united States was calm in operation(p) in the beginning on the sexagenarian, analog AMPS network and TDMA. Department of E&C 2010 kind Institute of Technology, Phagwara 2 RF optimisation AND PLANNING In the end o the end of October 2001, Cingular was the head start to announce their contrive to the 3G GSM network. This involved duty period more then 22 zillion customers from TDMA to GSM. In 2005 Cingular halt new phone activation on the TDMA network and began completely selling GSM military utility. 1. taradiddle of GSM in nearsightedened 1982CEPT (Conference of European Posts and Telecommunications) establishes a GSM group in order to develop the standards for pan-European cellular fluent dodging 1 988 check of the GSM System. 1991Commercial effect of the GSM service. 1992Enlargement of the countries that signed the GSM-MoU C everywhereage of large cities/airports. 1993C all overage of main roads GSM go start removed Europe. 1995Phase 2 of the GSM ad hocations Coverage of boorish argonas. 1. 4 GSM relative oftenness Band on that point ar phoebe bird major GSM frequencies that nourish become standard worldwide. They ar side by side(p) GSM-1800 GSM850 GSM-1900 GSM-400 1. 4. 1 GSM-900 and GSM-1800 GSM-900 and GSM-1800 argon standards employ gener every(prenominal)y worldwide. It is the frequency European phones operate on as intumesce as more or less of Asia and Australia. 1. 4. 2 GSM-850 and GSM-1900 GSM-850 and GSM-1900 ar primarily United States frequencies. They atomic number 18 in any pillow slip the standard for Canada GSM service and countries in Latin and South America. just about of the Cingular network operates on GSM 850, while often of T- roving operates at GSM-1900. T- alert however, has roaming agreements with Cingular. nub in the case of no service at GSM-1900, the phone testament thrash to GSM-850 and operate on Cingulars network. . 4. 3 GSM-400 GSM-400 is the least favourite of the bunch and is seldom apply. It is an older frequency that was applyd in Russia and Europe sooner GSM-900 and GSM-1800 became available. There are non some networks mensesly operating at this frequency. .5 GSM operate . The GSM run are grouped into terce categories 1. Tele serve (TS) 2. mail carrier services (BS) 3. supplementary services (SS) 1. 5. 1 Teleservices constant telephony, touch rings, and verbalize messaging are deep down Teleservices. Telephony, the old bidirectional run-in rallying crys, is certainly the almost popular of all services.An emergency bid is a lineament that allows the industrious endorser to contact a nearby emergency service, such as police, by dialing a unique come up. piece m essaging permits a message to be stored within the office mailbox of the look fored society either because the roared companionship is not reachable or because the transaction party chooses to do so. 1. 5. 2 Bearer go info services, short message service (SMS), cell broadcast, and local anesthetic features are within BS. rank up to 9. 6 kbit/s are supported. With a sufficient data utmost or computing device committed outright to the planetary apparatus, data whitethorn be sent done circuit-switched or packet-switched networks.Short messages containing as many as 160 alphamerical characters keister be transmitted to or from a rambling phone. In this case, a message cracker is necessary. The broadcast trend (to all lectors) in a prone geographic sports stadium whitethorn excessively be utilise for short messages of up to 93 alphanumeric characters. Some local features of the rambling entrepot whitethorn be used. These may include, for example, brief dia ling, edition of short messages, repetition of failed rings, and others. .5. 3 Supplementary Services Some of the Supplementary Services are as follows 1.Advice of missionary work- This SS degrees the live of a call in progress. 2. prohibit of all exceed calls This SS blocks extroverted calls. 3. disallow of internationalist calls- This SS blocks elect(postnominal) or beat international calls as a unhurt or completely those associated with a peculiar(prenominal) basic service, as desired. 4. Barring of roaming calls This SS blocks all the accounting entry roaming calls or save those associated with a specific service. 5. peal forwarding- This SS in the lead all entryway calls, or only those associated with a specific basic service, to other directory frame.The forwarding may be coercive or may be performed when the nomadic referee is busy, when thither is no reply, when the mobile reviewer is not reachable, or when there is radio congestion. 6. cry out ho ld This SS allows hanging of a communication on an active call. Subsequent reestablishment of the call is permitted. 7. key out time lag This SS permits the notification of an accounting entry call when the mobile subscriber is busy. 8. Call transfer This SS permits the transference of an set up incoming or outgoing call to a third party. 9.Completion of calls to busy subscribers This SS allows notification of when a busy called subscriber becomes free. At this time, if desired, the call is reinitiated. 10. Closed substance abuser group- This SS allows a group of subscribers to communicate only among themselves. 11. vocation descend appointment intro/ barricade This SS permits the presentation or restricts the presentation of the transaction partys identification number (or additional track information). 12. Connected number identification presentation This SS indicatChapter 2 GSM Identitieses the phone number that has been reached Chapter 2 GSM Identities 2.Clas sification of GSM IDENTITY emergence ready send ISDN deed (MSISDN) right(prenominal)(a) unstable reviewer individuation (IMSI) active rank Roaming progeny (MSRN) International industrious broadcast Equipment respective(prenominal)ity (IMEI) spot playing area identity (LAI) .2. 1 Mobile locate ISDN exit (MSISDN) The MSISDN is a number which unambiguously identifies a mobile reverberate subscription in the public switched telephone network tally plan. According to the CCITT recommendations, the mobile telephone number or schedule number to be dialled is composed in the following way MSISDN = CC + NDC + SN CC = clownish grave NDC = topic Destination commandmentSN = lecturer Number E. g. 919822012345 = 91 + 98 + 22 + 012345 A internal Destination work out is shared to each GSM PLMN. In some countries, more than one NDC may be mandatory for each GSM PLMN. The international MSISDN number may be of uncertain continuance. The level best continuance shall be 15 digits, prefixes not included. 2. 2 International Mobile subscriber individuality (IMSI) The IMSI is the information which unambiguously identifies a subscriber in a GSM/PLMN. For a flush identification over the radio avenue and through the GSM PLMN network, a specific personal personal identity is allocated to each subscriber.This identity is called the International Mobile lecturer in fill outability (IMSI) and is used for all signalling in the PLMN. It allow for be stored in the Subscriber individuation Module (SIM), as well as in the menage localization of function present (HLR) and in the portion Visitor Location Register (VLR). The IMSI consists of ternion assorted move IMSI = MCC + MNC + MSIN MCC = Mobile expanse computer code (3 digits) MNC = Mobile Network enroll (2 digits) MSIN = Mobile Subscriber Identification Number (max 10 digits) e. g. 404 + 22 +0000123456 According to the GSM recommendations, the IMSI testament have a length of level bes t 15 digits. every networkrelated subscriber information is connected to the IMSI 2. 3 Mobile put Roaming Number (MSRN) HLR k outrights in what manuscript/VLR Service celestial orbit the subscriber is located. In order to grant a ephemeral number to be used for routing, the HLR requests the current samarium/VLR to allocate and return a Mobile grade Roaming Number (MSRN) for the called subscriber At response of the MSRN, HLR sends it to the GMSC, which can now route the call to the MSC/VLR tack where the called subscriber is presently registered.The interrogative call routing function (request for an MSRN) is part of the Mobile operation Part (MAP). All data interchange between the GMSC HLR MSC/VLR for the purpose of interrogation is sent over the No. 7 signalling network. The Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN), check to the GSM recommendations, consists of third separate MSRN = CC + NDC + SN CC = hoidenish ordinance NDC = interior(a) Destination computer code SN = Subscriber Number e. g. 91 + 98 + 22 + 005XXX where, 005XXX is sent by MSC. 00 is for Pune MSC, 20 is for Nagpur MSC, 10 is for Goa MSC. origin In this case, SN is the promise to the do MSC The IMEI is used for equipment identification. An IMEI unambiguously identifies a mobile blank space as a piece or assembly of equipment. (See IMEI, chapter 5. ) IMEI = TAC + FAC + SNR + sp TAC = eccentric person Approval jurisprudence (6 digits), determined by a fundamental GSM body FAC = lowest Assembly Code (2 digits), identifies the manufacturer SNR = attendant Number (6 digits), an individual serial number of six digits unequivocally identifying all equipment within each TAC and FAC sp = scanty for future use (1 digit) e. g. 52518 + 00 + 581976 + 3 Where, 35 is for Nokia Handsets According to the GSM specification, IMEI has the length of 15 digits. 2. 5 Location state Identity (LAI) LAI is used for localisation principle modify of mobile subscribers. LAI = MCC + MNC + LAC MCC = Mobile Country Code (3 digits), identifies the country. It follows the same numeration plan as MCC in IMSI. MNC = Mobile Network Code (2 digits), identifies the GSM/PLMN in that country and follows the same come plan as the MNC in IMSI. LAC = Location Area Code, identifies a location area within a GSM PLMN network.The maximum length of LAC is 16 bits, enabling 65 536 varied location areas to be defined in one GSM PLMN. E. g. 404 +22 + ten thousand where 10000 is the LAC for Pune. 2. 6 mobile phone worldwide Identity (CGI) CGI is used for cell identification within the GSM network. This is done by adding a mobile phone Identity (CI) to the location area identity. CGI = MCC + MNC + LAC + CI CI = stall Identity, identifies a cell within a location area, maximum 16 bits e. g. 404 + 22 + 10000 + 726 Where, 404 + 22 + 10000 is the LAI for Pune and 726 are the CI of one of the cells of Pune. CI is assorted for all the three sectors of the cell. . 7 al-Qaeda Station Identit y Code (BSIC) BSIC allows a mobile ship to cross out between different neighbouring al-Qaida put ups. BSIC = NCC + BCC NCC = Network rubric Code (3 bits), identifies the GSM PLMN. Note that it does not uniquely identify the operator. NCC is primarily used to distinguish between operators on each side of border. BCC = Base Station Colour Code (3 bits), identifies the Base Station to help distinguish between BTS utilise the same BCCH frequencies e. g. 71 Where 7 is the NCC for conceit Operator. and 1 is the BCC. BCC can range from 0 to 7 Chapter 3 GSM Network ElementsGSM stands for Global System for Mobile communication & is a globally reliable standard for digital cellular communication. GSM is the recognize of a standardisation group established in 1982 to require a communal European mobile telephone standard that would formulate specifications for a pan-European mobile cellular radio system operating at 900 MHz. It is estimated that many countries outside of Europe will join the GSM partnership. GSM provides recommendations, not requirements. The GSM specifications define the functions and larboard requirements in detail but do not address the hardware.The reason for this is to assign the designers as precise as practical but still to make it possible for the operators to buy equipment from different suppliers. The GSM network is separate into three major systems ? The switching system (SS) ? The base station system (BSS) ?The operation and support system (OSS) 3. 1 GSM elementary BLOCK draw Department of E&C 2010 beautiful Institute of Technology, Phagwara 14 RF optimization AND PLANNING 3. 2 BASIC GSM net ARCHITECTURE 3. 2. 1 SWITCHING spirit Department of E&C 2010 agreeable Institute of Technology, Phagwara

Sony Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sony - Essay ExampleTo be the most competitive and outstanding market player, it is desirable for Sony Company to expend both online and off-line merchandise. Sony on the Web Marketers at Sony Corp are looking for alternative marketing and social networks marketing is the most preferable in the modern context. They connect with their customers online. They can promote their goods globally. The most effective strategy of Sony online is online tutorial, where they located the information about digital photography. The name of the company is Sony 101, where four particular(a) campuses for online visitors are developed personal computing, entertainment for home, digital photography, and finding different business solutions for the small businesses (Bearman and Bruckner). Online visitors can be enlisted to any course they like in these campuses (Grasby, 2004). For example, virtuoso of the most popular campuses is the digital photography campus. Different relevant Sony products are adve rtised in the process of study of this course. Barbara L. Miller, director of corporate marketing Web services with the Tokyo-based company of Sony claims that they intended to talk about different changes in technology and were not merely focused on promotion of Sony products. Sony launches midland marketing, where their customers can advertise Sony products and tell about them to each other. In concurrence with Social Vibe, it is claimed that some of the Companys ads reached up to a 40% share rate. Further on the Company was focused on advertising in the Facebook. The effectiveness of these types of ads is evident 91% of people looked for the companys ads and paid attention to brand messages. They developed a new(a) advertising campaign to appeal for different types of customers from families to women and men. A well-known name of the advertising company is It only does everything, because the company wants to shift the accents from being a vender of hardcore games and Xboxes to an entertainment center (). Sony united its power with Deutsch LA, which helped the company to be on the move. Sony makes an emphasis on online ads and decreases the number of printed sources of advertising. Dille underlines The ability to have that one-to-one kindred with consumers, monitoring the effective messages, and changing things on the fly gives us a closer relationship with consumers (Super Facebook Marketing Case Study). They are more interested in mothers, who can take the PlayStation 3 message to their social network friends. Thus, the potential customers advertise products of the company themselves, as well as looking for alternative subject matter of advertising. On the Facebook page Sony has a chance to communicate with more than 1 million fans and Twitter comprises more than 323,000 followers (Super Facebook Marketing Case Study). To measure succeeder of the company online, it is relevant to pay attention for click-through rates. It is of high importance for t he company to find out the real reason of the customers for being interested in one or another product. The first positive changes are evident Sony sales increased up to 35% and Microsoft sales decreased up to13%. In accordance with the modern prognosis, it is possible to predict that video game advertising could increase from $24 million in 2009 to $47 million in 2014, which comprises a 14.4% obscure annual growth rate (CAGR) (Super Facebook M

Advanced Management Accounting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Advanced Management Accounting - Assignment ExampleCompany has various hierarchy levels and compensation to each has been linked with the fiscal functioning only.I have been assigned with the task to suggest some comprehensive measurement technique to the firm. This track, herein, provides complete analysis of alternative available to the firm. Also this report has provided in-depth analysis of Balance Score Card being as among widely used techniques and its prospective suitability to the firm.Performance measurements techniques are used to evaluate the function of any company on the road that leads to the destination it has defined in vision. These performance measurement techniques vary from industry to industry and include both financial and non-financial measures. Every performance measure is required to meet the following aspects to be eligible for the application (Price Waterhouse Coopers, 2006)There is large number of performance measures available and qualification choice regarding as the key performance indicator (KPI) is the critical decision. PWC developed model for the comprehensive Communication of KPI which is as followsMeasures that already are part of Allulite Windows and joinery shall be aligned and hence, updated as required for meeting the standards set in model above. For instance, the production performance measurement can be upgraded to meet the quality, delivery, go and total cost. Furthermore, quality measurement shall be assigned some rating criteria with benchmark of acceptance, rejection or customer feedback etc. Moreover, analysis of various cost components, their role contribution in total cost overall positive and negative impact of variability in cost components etc.On the external front, simile from industry benchmark declaration of positive or negative position against mentioned benchmark customer retention company

Internet Addiction and College students Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

profit Addiction and College students - Essay ExampleTan (2001) said that the Internet use plays a major role in education for students as well as for the professionals to make things easier it greatly enhances the learning and practices of individuals and that it is meant to cause students learning and their execution of instrument at their performance at the higher-level Mayer (2000). However, there are reports that reveal, there are negative effects brought by heavy Internet use on ones psychological wellbeing (Young, 2004).Anderson (2000) explained that, earnings symbiotic students average use reached about 29 minutes per day. These users utilize synchronous communication net income application nearly ten times more(prenominal) than the non-dependent students, who only spent an average of 3 minutes per day doing the same activities due to the fact that, users are able to get quality information from net profit facilities (Asemi 2005).However, there are reports that reveal, there are negative effects brought by heavy Internet use on ones psychological wellbeing (Young, 2004), with 8% - 13% of undergraduates allegedly addicted to internet use. The said uses have resulted to impairment among individuals psychological well-being, academic performance and peer and family interactions (Scherer, 1997 Young, 1998). Moreover, this phenomenon of extreme use has been known as Internet addiction (Young, 2004) and problematic Internet use (Caplan, 2002 & Shapira, et. al. 2003).The Ameri shadower Psychologist Association has prescribed criteria as basis whether or not a person be diagnosed for internet addiction disorder, and these are as follows (1) Tolerance, which refers to individuals need for increasing quantity of time consumed on the Internet for satisfaction purposes (2) Two or more withdrawal symptoms that gear up in days until one a month or even after (3) Use of the Internet in order to alleviate or rescind withdrawal symptoms (4) The Internet is repea tedly accessed more often if not, for longer periods that the intended time (5) The individual loss of an important relationship, or still at bump of losing loss of job, educational or career opportunity due to the excessive use of the Internet, and several other reasons.Bratter and Forest (cited by Freeman, 1992) characterized addiction as a behavior pattern of obsessive drug use due to overwhelming involvement. Psychologist Kimberly S. Young, investigation nearly 500 heavy Internet users by compared their behaviors. Using the clinical criteria formulated by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV and was also published by the American Psychiatric Association results showed that, eighty percent (80%) of the participants were dependent Internet users. She further elaborated that, internet use can disrupt an individuals social, academic, financial, and professional life just as the same with other well-documented addictions (Young, 1996).Psychodynamic and person ality perspectives can be accounted for addiction during early childhood traumas, relationship with certain personality traits/disorders, as well as inherited psychological dispositions (Sue,

Employee safety Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Employee precaution - Essay ExampleThe other two research arms were a focus group and interviews. The results showed that management commitment were perceived to be . , and that there was a positive/negative relationship between safety climate and scathe rates.A study of the level of safety climate is lots used as a measure of the level of managements commitment to safety. Injury rates provide additional information about the international companies approach to safety compliance in Ghana. This study will provide each of the construction sites that participate with a courtly document that reviews their companys current safety climate, employee perceptions and injury frequency. Further, it is judge that this research will contribute to the application of international safety standards in the workplace for employees in maturation nations. Also, this study will complement current verifiable literature on workplace safety by highlighting and extending understanding of safety clima te and injury rates on construction sites.Some of these factors are, the furbish up of expanding global skills and technologies, the socio-political influence of foreign investments, and general organizational factors impacting worker issues in less-developed nations. ... This study will provide each of the construction sites that participate with a formal document that reviews their companys current safety climate, employee perceptions and injury frequency. Further, it is anticipated that this research will contribute to the application of international safety standards in the workplace for employees in developing nations. Also, this study will complement current empirical literature on workplace safety by highlighting and extending understanding of safety climate and injury rates on construction sites.just delete everything thing after in recent times1.6 LimitationsParagraph one This will however be supported by the focus group, interviews and document reviews. 2.1 Paragraph oneS ome of these factors are, the impact of expanding global skills and technologies, the socio-political influence of foreign investments, and general organizational factors impacting worker issues in less-developed nations. Together, the interplay of these factors between multinational corporations and the people that they hire direct the socially responsible conduct of employees and their organizations.

Discussion and abstract Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Discussion and abstract - Essay ExampleAfter performing a hypothesis test based on the t-test, it was noted that in that respect was a signifi placet difference in the means of the two experimental groups, the result being as follows t = -3.02, df = 18, p The speed with which stack can complete a certain lying-in is normally dependent on a number of factors such as the difficulty of the chore and the pressure at a lower place which the individuals are performing that particular designate (Crisp and Turner, 2010). Another common factor that influences how fast a person can complete a given task is through evaluation apprehension (Minor, 1970). military rating apprehension is the name given to the anxious feeling that one normally experiences when being under evaluation. It is the concern that people normally have when there are others assessing how they are doing (Weiss and Miller, 1971).This report evaluates the effect that performance evaluation has on a simple manual dexterit y task. Evaluation apprehension does have an impact on an individuals performance. Participants who believe that they are being evaluated while performing a simple manual task are able to complete their tasks faster when they are in the presence of other people compared to participants who do not think that their performance is the same task is being evaluated (Ferris and Roland, 1983).There have been several studies done to evaluate if a person who perceives that he is being evaluated will perform a task any(prenominal) differently if he thinks that no one is evaluating

Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 135

Discussion - Essay ExampleAfter researching, I realized that the Americans maintain direct eye contact, which is considered as an indication of honesty and confidence. According to the Asians, direct eye contact is considered rude and aggressive.The assumption that similarities exist in both our cultures was a huge mistake. Nonverbal signs are often misinterpreted in the lead to miscommunication. Rather than taking offense, that my friend seemed dishonest, confronting him on the issue would have solved the problem. The tendency of concluding that he was dishonest was not wise instead of taking time to understand him (Samovar and Porter 118).In conclusion, intercultural communication can bring up a conflict because of misunderstanding of information. Schools should teach about the different cultures to repeal instances of misinterpretation of nonverbal communication such as postures, gestures, and other body language. Every cultures beliefs and values should be

Marketing Across Cultures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marketing Across Cultures - Essay ExampleWith this manipulation of elements, a fast can achieve its objectives in the securities industry that it targets. The elements of the merchandising mix are product, price, promotion, and place, also referred to as the four-spot Ps (Bennet, pp. 44, 2009). The firm does not manipulate both of these elements to a significant degree every time it is marketing across cultures. However, the selections of elements, which require manipulation, are only possible in the light of the characteristics of the culture. For this reason, examples, such as the onenesss stated below, can help to elaborate this fact. The management of the marketing effort is also highly change by the differences in the cultures of the firms different target markets. The four functions of the marketing management are analysis, planning, function, and control (Maister, pp. 133, 1997). The degree of importance which management gives to each function is dependent on the charac teristics of the market that the firm targets. For example, the characteristics of a market existing in one culture may emphasize the importance of planning above all the other functions, while a market in another culture may necessitate the control function to be the one the firm invests in the most. Again, the true effect of the culture on the marketing management can only be understood through in-depth analysis and examples. According to a case study, which studied international marketing by remove light on Ikeas operations in Shanghai, they learned that the company must think globally and act locally in hope of make long-term customer relationships and capturing customer value. In marketing decisions, culture does not hold an ultimate status but still calls for due attention as much as other factors, such as the marketing environment and the companys strategic plan (Pan, pp. iii, 2005). This is an example of such a case, were marketing across several different cultures has led to a difference in the marketing elements employed, and will thus be useful in understanding the phenomenon.Similarly, one can deduce that the strategic management that a multinational company does is on a global scale, following the rules it abides by in any bump of the world. Whereas the local marketing strategies are designed locally, depending on the target market and culture of the country of operation (Doole and Lowe, pp. 218-225, 2008). Product One of the elements in the marketing mix, which is majorly affected by the culture to which it is being employed in, is the product itself.

Should Jouveniles Accused of Violent crimes be Tried and Jailed as Essay

Should Jouveniles Accused of Violent crimes be Tried and Jailed as Adults - Essay ExampleThe cause of the dilemma was whether adolescents were to be tried in the alert bighearted courts and face punitive measures as applied to adult criminals. The issue of whether they would face trial in adult courts led to a critical point of whether they were 100% responsible for the crime they committed. Even when the assumption was that the adolescents were culpable of the crimes committed, an ardent concern would arise on whether they the competence required to handle the trial process. This opus will highlight that trying late delinquents in adult courts is inappropriate. The onset of the 20th century saw the emergence of the initial literature on the means of resolving juvenile crimes. The institution of juvenile courts would soon follow, a factor shaped by the assumption that adolescents were more likely to adopt new attitudes because of their fake malleability in comparison to adults . Such assumed malleability evident in adolescents motivated the adoption of rehabilitation as the most effective schema in juvenile courts. However, the approach shot of rehabilitation changed, getting more inclined to the punitive approach that was evident in the adult courts (Ash 146). In the 1960s, the rehabilitative approach was classified as unsuccessful in addressing juvenile crime, and with most of the courts proving highly punitive to juvenile offenders. In the 1970s, increased prophecies of a potential surge of juvenile crimes emerged. This perception served to alter the approach towards juvenile justice. In the following years, many juvenile delinquents received transfer to adult crimes to undergo trial. Many people believed that the prophecies would return true, and that an increase in hardened juvenile criminals would require stringent punitive measures. The perception that determined justice ideologies at that time were shaped by the sentiment that adolescents who committed crimes needed to face similar consequences with adults committing similar offenses. However, contrary to the predictions, juvenile was only higher in the late 1980s and early 1990s, but subsided immensely in the years that followed. Although the predictions were falsified by the passage of time reduction of crime, they initiated the issue of adolescent culpability to crime, in the punitive system. This issue had been neglected because juvenile courts had pick out a rehabilitative approach. In the punitive system, it was critical for prosecutors to prove that the adolescent had made an informed choice to commit crime (Ash 145). Many people believed that youths preceding(prenominal) 15 years are able to make informed choice cognitively. However, in cases where evidence indicating the incapacity of an adolescent to carry out mature judgment, consequently that translated to a minimized culpability. According to Ash, it is critical for courts to realize that adolescence is a period where an individual is subject to increased peer influence, a factor that makes many of them institutionalize group crime. Evidently, this period of growth is defined by many mistakes in many individuals, before the young adolescents can discern individual goals and pursue them. intimately of the adolescents only exhibit a crime record during this period of rigorous growth and confusion, but transform into responsible citizens after adolescence. Therefore, trying adolescents in adult courts and labeling them as hardened criminals was unfair, as this was an aspect limited to the adolescence stage, and they

Guillain-Barr Syndrome Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Guillain-Barr Syndrome - Article ExampleIn his research, acute pharyngeal-cervical-brachial type of GBS, masquerading brainstem stroke in a child, Syed (2012) seeks to analyze the symptoms of a child who is admitted in the infirmary with difficulty feeding and left arm weakness subsequently gastroenteritis case. In the case report, the child had normal milest whizs and compromised respiratory system muscles. Even after symptomatic treatment, the lower motor neuron paralysis and the poor pharyngeal response persisted leading to assisted feeds through gastric tubes. Administration of intravenous immune serum globulin reversed the condition and follow-up done. After one month, the child could feed and exhibit good motor response. Such research is a level one research. There is minimal build up, and initial research done to solidify the consistency of the findings. Additionally, there is formation of hypotheses that are subject to more rigorous interrogatory in level two research. De spite utilizing a single case study, the research findings have a moderate degree of reliability. The researcher was rigorous in analysis of the management of the client from admission to discharge and follow-up. He analyses the information without leaving any questionable gaps. The research findings are hence reliable (Syed, 2012).The second-research hold seeks to experiment and establish the various subtypes of GBS among children. The researchers had a core objective of digging out the clinical and electrophysiological patterns of GNS among children with utility of cerebrospinal fluid and nerves motor response. The research was a prospective study. The researchers did collect pertinent information from clients with GBS diagnosis for a period of 7 years. 108 patients were in use during the research. The sample population did consist of some(prenominal) genders. The findings did indicate that the peak age for the condition establishment the sample population was 3 to 6.5 years. In fants also did possess he

Reflection Paper 2 Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reflection 2 - Research Paper ExampleIn my particular case, for the past ten years, I have worked as an instructor and Instructor Trainer of Basic Life Support (BLS) among new(prenominal) courses for a company owned by Jose, RN-EMT, a Florida Region American Heart standstill Community Training Center (CTC) Faculty Coordinator. Jose, RN-EMT continues to limit his communication process to utilizing email with Nurse Instructors. Indeed, this communication strategy is quite good but in order to promote effective communication, in that location is need for improvement of this system. For instance, verbal communication through telephones and video conferencing can also act as practicable strategies that can improve the communication between the parties involved. As Nurse Instructors, I think there should be more open communication channels in order to operate effectively. This enables us to create mutual understanding with different people we will be dealing with in our operations. A critical synopsis of Nancy Blake and Colleen Young (2013) article title How to Be an Effective Charge Nurse Excellent communication skills, flexibility, clinical competency, and ability to make quick decisions required shows that there are various traits that an individual should possessed in order to be an effective shake nurse. Blake and Young (2013, p.1) affirms, The role of a charge nurse is unpredictable. It requires a person with excellent communication skills who is flexible, clinically competent and able to make decisions quickly. In most cases, charge nurses function as liaison between pith management, staff, physicians, patients and families among other groups. Charge nurses deal with different people in their tasks hence, the reason for them to possess effective communication and leadership skills. jibe to Blake and Young (2013, p.1), An effective charge nurse needs to incorporate leadership and communication skills with conflict resolution, time management and organi zational techniques, delegation, mentorship, education, and role modelling to be successful. These characteristics are very(prenominal) distinguished in as far as the effectiveness of charge nurses in dispensing their duties is concerned. This notion is supported by Grossman and Valiga (2009), who state Leadership and followership are two complexify concepts that are complementary or reciprocal, not competitive(p. 36). This also goes hand in hand with the aspect of culture which shapes the behavior of the employees in each department. According to Hawkins & Kratsch (2004), each unit has a culture that shapes the behavior of the people working there. It is therefore the role of the leader to foster this culture, thus positively influence the other members to improve their performance. Non verbal communication is also important in order Aspects such as body language, facial expressions as well as stones throw have an impact on the way communication is carried out. The article also states that charge nurses should be good in delegating certain tasks to their followers in order to achieve quality patient care. One important role played by the charge nurse is to solve conflicts among the followers. This is not a very simple task since it requires someone with good communication skills in order to create mutual understanding among the warring parties. Overall, Blake and Young

Remembrance Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Remembrance - Personal Statement ExampleShe was extremely intelligent and graduated at age sixteen, much before the different children in her class. I, on the contrary, was forced to attend seventeen schools from the fifth grade through twelfth always playing catch up in school. I never establish a foundation of good educational skills. In spite of the pit, falls I found myself somehow graduating on time.7The get it on of music I inherited from my mother. My mother an accomplished pianist, taking lesson from age four, played Carnegie hall at a very early age. I think up her telling stories of practicing two to three hours a day and attending the Julliard School of music in New York City. As an adult, she continued to play and even taught my onetime(a) siblings to play the piano. However, when her mother died she stopped playing and never played again. Therefore, she never taught me to play the piano. I am assuming that her mother was the driving force fucking her piano accomplis hments. Although I never learned to play the piano, I love music, especially classical music.12Traveling became a large part of my adolescents. By the time, I reached age twelve my mother had remarried, and we began to travel up and down the East coast. I spent the first twelve years of my life in Stamford Ct., and then we moved to Florida, back to Connecticut, then to New Hampshire, and Virginia and landed in Biglerville Pa.

Household changes, I.E Lifecycle changes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Household changes, I.E Lifecycle changes - Essay ExampleThe Life-Cycle Model of Consumption and Saving tells us that younger people have a tilt borrow bullion so they can spend it on education and housing ( Browning and Crossley, 2001). Young people spend their money on get things while they be young professionals. As for young people, their tendency is to go overboard in their purchases which make them work harder to pay off credit bankers bill debts. Because of this young people incur debts through credit card. If this is a common behavior for most people, then old people have few money left for them at that time they badly need it for hospitalization and burial. By the time this young people reach middle age, debts have already piled up since they are burdened with their childs education and house mortgage. As they approach old age or retirement, the savings ( if there are any) are slowly used since they get sickly and have medical bills. Over-all, a persons savings in a lif etime is really down in the mouth unless you are used to saving money as a

Effect and Influence of Social Factor on Business Essay

Effect and Influence of Social Factor on Business - look for ExampleThis essay focuses on the significance of the social aspect in the swearword outline in regards to a business from apparel manufacturing industry. Environmental analysis is a marketplaceing function which includes study of all external factors that may determine the success or failure of a business. Relatively qualitative in nature, this analysis involves identifying of environmental variables, scanning them, analyzing and finally forecasting of business situation.Environmental analysis is significant for a business to survive and grow. This analysis helps in identifying the seeming opportunities and threats to a business. It opens new avenues for business activity expansion and also provides opportunities for discovering and exploitation of business.PEST analysis is an acronym for political, economic, social and technological. Its purpose is to conduct analysis and identify miscellaneous external factors that might affect business and also to help in market research.Social aspect of PEST analysis includes factors such(prenominal) as age distribution, income level, education, nutrition and nutrition, religion, population growth, consumerism, social class, and expectation of society from business. It also includes buying trends, change in lifestyle, cultural aspects, ethics, publicity factors, advertising, media, career attitudes, health consciousness and emphasis on safety. Social trends to a great extent affect demand for a productThe social factor from PEST analysis creates various opportunities at a global, national and international level.... It enables business and organizations to understand future problems and face them boldly. This analysis helps organizations in expanding their business while contributing towards social groups and causes. Environmental analysis keeps directive the organizations from time to time about changes in socio economic conditions at the same time enabli ng them to take benefit of technological developments, government policies etc. isolated from providing various opportunities environmental analysis also helps business in identifying threats from competitor and other sources. Threats are uncontrollable and can put survival of organization or business at stake. Environmental analysis overcome organizations threat and also helps in identifying competencies of business. Identification of one PEST factor PEST analysis is an acronym for political, economic, social and technological. Its purpose is to conduct analysis and identify various external factors that might affect business and also to help in market research. Out of all the factors from PEST analysis I am considering Social factor for discussion about how it affects business. Social aspect of PEST analysis includes factors such as age distribution, income level, education, diet and nutrition, religion, population growth, consumerism, social class, and expectation of society fro m business. It also includes buying trends, change in lifestyle, cultural aspects, ethics, publicity factors, advertising, media, career attitudes, health consciousness and emphasis on safety. Social trends to a great extent affect demand for a product (Miller 1992). Industry considered Considering apparel manufacturing industry for

TUI Travel International Money and Finance Essay

TUI Travel International Money and Finance - Essay ExampleTUI Travel PLC is a leisure travel society that is leading in the world. The company operates in around 180 countries and has around 31 one million million million customers of its services that reflect the companys executions in 31 study market areas across the world (TUI Travel PLC, 2012). The company offers the best available holiday tours and services for its customers that include cheer and beach, activities and adventures, luxuries, excursions and transfers, accommodations, oceans and rivers, and responsible travels (What we do, 2012).TUI Travel PLC being one of the leading companies in leisure travel services, its operations is spread across 180 countries that include 31 of the major market areas. The major source markets of the company include UK, Sweden, Germany, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Austria, Poland, Switzerland and Canada. TUI Travels core markets account for 388bn of global travel spend with the th ree largest markets being Germany, France and the UK (Market Overview, 2012). The performance of the company has been in line with the companys strategies and the company has reflected development in its business operations with the turnover of the company increased by 5 percent that accounts to around 3.5 billion Euros as recorded in the first quarter of the FY2012. The previous year results for the company had recorded 3.3 billion Euros. This growth is primarily attributable to a higher proportion of differentiated product sales (Hanover, 2012). (Hanover, 2012). The major competitors for TUI include Kuoni Travel Holding Ltd,. Thomas Cook Group plc, and Travelport Limited. The turn over industries for the company are travel agencies and services, transportation services sector, and business services sector (TUI Travel PLC Competition, 2012). Financial Trends of TUI Travel PLC in Last Five eld TimeThe financial trends of the company reflect improvement in the performances of the c ompany with the gross margin being recorded at 8.86 percent improving from revenue of 13.51 billion in the year 2007 to 14.69 billion in 2011. The net income recorded an improvement from a loss of 123.00 in 2007 to 89.00 million in 2011. The net addition margin of the company is 0.43 percent and the operating margin is at 0.97 percent. Increases have also been reflected over the years in the dividends per share and earnings per share of the company. date the dividends per share increased by 2.73 percent on an average over the last five years, the earnings per share reflected an increase of 171.65 percent year on year. This is a remarkable achievement for the company since not many companies in the industry are known to pay dividends (ft.com/marketsdata TUI Travel PLC, 2012).As far as the cash flow of the company is concerned, records reflect a fall in the cash reserves of TUI in 2011 by 402.00 million. However, on the other hand, TUI gained from its operations 613.00 million that reflects a cash flow margin of 4.17 percent. It is also of the record that the company has utilized

The Role of the Government on Tobacco Use Essay Example for Free

The Role of the Government on Tobacco Use EssayThe article, If Its Good For Philip Morris, Can It Also Be Good for existence health?, which was written by business columnist Joe Nocera and published in the New York Times, basically explores the realities concerning the government, particularly the Food and Drug Administration, and the regulation of baccy use.harmonize to the article, although tobacco company executives themselves, notably Steve Parrish, senior vice-president of Philip Morris have openly supported the regulation of tobacco use, it appears that the move lacks a concerted effort from the government. Moreover, it is also unvarnished that tobacco executives like Parrish have their personal business agendas in advocating tobacco regulation.In general, it is safe to assume that the public is more than aware well-nigh the dangers and health risks associated with tobacco smoking such as lung cancer, emphysema, and various heart diseases, among others. However, it is interesting to note that despite the various campaigns against tobacco smoking and other educational advertisements about it, there are still millions of people around the world who smoke. In fact, based on the article, in 2005, Philip Morris USA alone hauled in $4.6 billion in profits.In this regard, it is quite obvious that the governments main role is to somehow regulate tobacco use so that smokers will not jump out its deadly effects. However, this is easier said that done. According to the article, while there have been several initiatives to regulate tobacco use in the past, such as the ban on all cigarette advertisements, it seems to fall short when it comes to the actual implementation.The first plausible reason behind this is that the regulation would mean decrease in profits for tobacco companies, which in turn, would affect tobacco factory workers. And considering the global financial crisis, loss of jobs is not a logical option even though its for the win of the publi cs health.In short, while the governments duty in tobacco use is clear, it is virtually powerless to make any hale moves that would fulfill their role. The tobacco executives, on the other hand, may show that they support tobacco regulation, but their true motives are unclear. After all, they are still business community and it would not be surprising if their actions are simply meant to earn additional profits.ReferencesNocera, J. (2006). If Its Good For Philip Morris, Can It Also Be Good for Public Health? The New York Times. Retrieved April 17, 2009 from http//www.nytimes.com/2006/06/18/magazine/18tobacco.html?pagewanted=3_r=1.

Economics Essay Example for Free

Economics EssayThe three areas of economics affect an individual both positively and negatively. First, in making decisions, a mortal oftentimes has to decide on tradeoffs because he/she just cannot afford to buy everything that he/she needs. In other words, sacrifices must be made. Economics, after all, is roughly allocating the resources available to a person which happens to be scarce most of the time. This would mean, for instance, that if one has set aside $10 dollars for chocolates and he/she wants to buy some oranges, the decision would often entail buying less chocolates to enable him/her to buy some oranges. This effect is often interpreted as a negative one because a person has to let go of one want in order to satisfy another desire. This illustration clearly shows that budget constraint plays a major single-valued function in decision-making. (Mankiw, 2004) The second area of economics, interaction with others, affects members of society positively because in a f ree market economy, prices could not just be dictated by producers and sellers without the involvement or say of the consumers.In other words, if the price of a certain commodity proves too expensive, consumers would usually look for cheaper alternatives, thereby causing the claim for the more expensive version to fall. If the 21 colored television set produced by Sony Corporation, for instance, has been priced much higher than the 21 colored television of Philips, chances are that consumers would prefer for the television set being sold by Philips because of the lower price. In this case, preference for Sony, which might prove to have a higher quality, could only be expressed by those who have the money, therefore feeling no budgetary constraints.Finally, the workings of the economy could affect an individual both positively and negatively. One sec is when government decides to print and circulate an abnormally high volume of money. This situation forces money to depreciate in v alue, thereby resulting to pretentiousness. A high level of inflation causes prices to increase because of the additional costs being shouldered by manufacturers owing to the lower value of money. An upside of this situation, however, could be a temporary increase in employment. Because of the availability of money, employers can afford to hire additional workers. (Mankiw, 2004)

Open Fields Doctrine Essay Example for Free

Open Fields Doctrine EssayOne of the exceptions to the search and rapture police force which enables police officers to conduct warrantless search and seizure proceedings, especially in criminal cases, is the Open Fields Doctrine. Under this doctrine, the owner of whatsoever object found bulge out of doors where it could be plainly seen by anybody who is standing on his or her foot, from inside any motor vehicle, or from a low-flying aircraft, could not seek the privacy shelter under the Fourth Amendment.In other words, even if a residential unit is protected by a fence, the ground inside the fence is button up considered an open field if there are cracks in the fence through which anybody can easily peep and see objects located inside the fence. The same is square(a) when the fence is low abundant for people to see clearly inside the fenced-in ground without the need to stand on their toes or on top of any object in order to have a clear line of sight.Considered open fi elds are streets, sidewalks, any bodies of water, outdoor fields, or even the yard of a fenced-in residential building as long as said cause could be observed by people outside the fence. This doctrine was establish by the United States Supreme Court in Hester v. United States where it ruled that the Fourth Amendment did not protect open fields and that, therefore, police searches in such areas as pastures, wooded areas, open water, and vacant lots are legal even without search warrants (Cornell University Law School).A curtilage refers to any area virtually a residential unit which was enclosed by the owner for the purpose of shielding from public view any or all family activities considered intimate or private. A curtilage, therefore, is also considered a persons home as far as the Fourth Amendment protection from unwarranted and unreasonable search and seizure proceedings is concerned. In United States v. Dunn, 480 U. S.294 (1987), the Court ruled that before determining whe ther an area is actually a curtilage, four factors should be considered its proximity to the kinsfolk if the house is enclosed by a fence, whether, said area was included in the fenced-in area whether the area is actually used for intimate family activities and whether the owner of the house exerted enough efforts to shield the activities being conducted in the area from public view.ReferencesCornell University Law School. FOURTH AMENDMENT SEARCH AND SEIZURE. Retrieved June 1, 2010, from http//www. law. cornell. edu/anncon/html/amdt4frag3_user. html USLegal Definitions. Curtilage Law Legal Definition. Retrieved June 1, 2010, from http//definitions. uslegal. com/c/curtilage/

Taylor Theory Of Motivation Commerce Essay

Taylor opening Of Motivation Commerce EssayMotivation is the word derived from the word motive which means needs desires wants or drives within the individuals. It is the process of exhilarating masses to actions to accomplish the goals. In the work goal context the psychological factors stimulating the peoples behavior send word beOne of the most important functions of management is to create ordainingness among the employees to perform in the best of their abilities. Therefore the role of a leader is to arouse interest in performance of employees in their jobs. The process of want consists of the stagesA felt need or driveA stimulus in which needs have to be arousedWhen needs atomic number 18 satisfied, the cheer or accomplishment of goals.Therefore, we merchantman say that pauperism is a psychological phenomenon which means needs and want of the individual tackled by framing an incentive plan.Taylor Theory of MotivationFrederick Winslow Taylor (1856 1917) put forward t he predilection that workers ar motivated mainly by pay. His Theory of Scientific Management argued the followingWorkers do not course enjoy work and so need close supervision and control.Therefore managers should break down tackle into a series of small tasksWorkers should therefore be presumption appropriate training and tools so they can work as efficiently as possible on one set task.Workers argon then paying(a) according to the number of items they produce in a set period of time- piece-rate pay.As a result workers are encouraged to work hard and increase their productivity.Taylors methods were widely adopted as businesses saw the benefits of increased productivity levels and lower unit costs. The most notably advocate was Henry Ford who used them to fig the first ever production line, making Ford cars. This was the start of the era of mass production.Taylors approach has close links with the concept of an autocratic management sort (managers take all the decisions a nd simply give orders to those below them) and Macgregors Theory X approach to workers (workers are viewed as lazy and wish to avoid responsibility).However workers before long came to dis give care Taylors approach as they were only given boring, repetitive tasks to carry out and were being treated little better than human machines. Firms could too spread out to lay off workers as productivity levels increased. This led to an increase in strikes and other forms of industrial action by dis-satisfied workers.Elton Mayo (1880 1949) believed that workers are not dependable concerned with money but could be better motivated by having their social needs met whilst at work (something that Taylor ignored). He introduced the Human Relation shallow of thought, which focused on managers taking more of an interest in the workers, treating them as people who have worthwhile opinions and realizing that workers enjoy interacting together.Mayo conducted a series of experiments at the Hawthor ne factory of the Western Electric Comp either in ChicagoHe isolated two groups of women workers and studied the effect on their productivity levels of changing factors such as lighting and work conditions.He expected to see productivity levels decline as lighting or other conditions became progressively worseWhat he actually discovered surprised him whatever the change in lighting or working conditions, the productivity levels of the workers improved or remained the same.From this Mayo concluded that workers are best motivated byBetter communicationbetween managers and workers (Hawthorne workers were consulted over the experiments and also had the opportunity to give feedback)Greater manager involvementin employees working lives (Hawthorne workers responded to the increased level of attention they were receiving)Working in groups or teams(Hawthorne workers did not previously regularly work in teams)In practice therefore businesses should re-organize production to encourage great er use of team working and introduce soulfulnessnel departments to encourage greater manager involvement in looking after employees interests. His theory most closely fits in with a paternalistic style of management.CUsersraja atifDesktopimage083.pngFigure 2.Explain the Taylor motivation theory.The Expectancy theoryThe Expectancy theory states that employees motivation is an sequel of how much an individual wants a reward. You can check the employee how is doing efforts for his work and how he understand his work and how much he is giving good results individually or in team work. Is he having a leadership quality? He is having a good communication skills .Is he updated with all kinds of information regarding company and also with the market. If he is having a good post in the company how he utilizes his powers in work .He must be a very honest person and also not using his power in wrong ways. He should have great temperament to build good relationship with colleagues. If some person is doing mistakes and lack of knowledge he is available for him or her to guide.CUsersraja atifDesktoppicture_vroom_expectancy_theory.gifFigure 3.Explain the Expectancy theory.How can business leaders keep employees motivated?Small businesses can take a number of steps in a bid to keep their employees motivated, it has been claimed.Kevin Friary, clinical director at Right Management Workplace Wellness, say that when work is largely physical and repetitive, money is a good motivator.So for businesses operating in this arena, the waxment of cleared financial mechanisms to reward effort will produce more motivation.For others the picture is more complicated in fact, evidence suggests that when you are looking at brainpower, the more money you throw at people the less productivity you achieve, Mr Friery noted.Motivated staff tends to be people who are given opportunities to excel in an area in which they have specialist abilities.Employees should omit at least a small amount of time at work doing things that stretch them, he suggested.This gives them the opportunity to contribute and see the difference they are making.Giving people flexibility to arrange their work in a way in which they feel they have some control is an important incite factor, Mr. Friary added.He said managers who see a key part of their role as identifying people doing something right are far more motivating than those who are simply quick to point out the errors.Perhaps most important is clarity and honesty, linked to performance management, Mr. Friary added.He said that by setting clear performance indicators, along with a good measurement process, both employee and employer can engage in a dialogue about the working relationship and develop an adult, motivated engagement.CUsersraja atifDesktopSmall-business_666_801364498_0_0_14059739_562.jpgFigure .4.explain how can leaders motivate there employees.INTEL CASE STUDYAccording to Intel Corporation the desire of employees is everythi ng for them. By having these kind of idea in their mind Intel is giving financial benefits to their employees which differ from other companies like for motivating the employee for their work Intel has many financial benefits which are like Intel has giving shrive laptops to their employees so the employees can store all of their personal and confidential data on their computer.They are as followsHealth benefitIntel is not giving the wellness benefit only for their employees but they are also giving benefits to the whole family of that employee. By doing this Intel is giving benefit to the whole family.LeaveIf a employee want to take break he just have to go and tell the company for a leave and the company will give leave to the employee without asking any further question.RetirementIf an employee is being retired from the company he can still be in contact with the company.If an employee cant afford his cost of living then company will pay his cost of living without taking any kin d of work from him.Case study of Sheraton HotelsSheraton is a big international set up of hotels and resort. Sheraton hotels are one of the best brands in the hospitality industry. Sheraton is providing best services to their guest. The person who pays for staying in the hotel called guest but Sheraton also consider employees as an intragroup guests. Thats why Sheraton hotels give lots of motivation benefits to the employees with the basic salaries .Sheraton give bonus, medical facilities, school fee of the employee kids, Air ticket, and 50 % discount in Sheraton made things like if you buy cake from Sheraton hotel they will give you 50% discount as a employee and if you are living in KL and working in Sheraton KL and you are passage to Karachi Pakistan and you want to stay in Karachi Sheraton hotel then if you are on management post then room meal is totally free and if you are working in 3rd level then room is free and you just have to pay for meals. After the retirement of the employee Sheraton hotel also give a hazard to employees son or daughter to work in Sheraton.DiscussionCompanies are successful because of their employees. For example. Sheraton is a big chain of Hotels and resorts it is giving lots of financial rewards for motivation and appreciate their employees by giving bonus, appreciation letter, birthday cake,2 or 3 night stay in any Sheraton hotel, Hajj allowance etc. As we know that Pakistan is facing few problems like Terrorist Attacks, Political stabilities etc but in this atmosphere Sheraton Karachi Hotel is going well and also getting more then 800 crores. Employees of this hotel are working so hard and what they are doing hotel is motivating them by giving financial rewards and benefits. If you see the Intel Company it is also giving lots of benefits to their employees. As employees can give their best so its necessary to give financial rewards and benefits after doing hard work which they deserve.ConclusionThe company after investing millions of dollars, all they train is return over investment which is a lot more depended on productivity of employees, the best human resource will only move to the employer who forever keeps them happy, so that they can perform their best on job. After analyzing the success of companies like Microsoft, Sheraton, Google etc. and understanding the benefits provided to employees within organization, without any doubts it can be verbalize that certainly, happy employees are the one whos taking them to heights.

Development of a Human Computer Interface

Development of a Human Computer InterfaceAbstract HCI( tender computing device moveion) has become one of the important aspect in human tone. Signals gene estimated from human body argon bio foreshadows and has huge potential to be utilise as an larboard for human ready reckoner devices. Multiple devices are present that recognizes these boio foretells which is generated during muscle muscular contraction and converting those communicates into round command to be utilise as an input to the HCI devices. However, the task can be acquired through bio requests which forms a uneasy linkage with the calculating machine techniques standardised Electro-Encephalogram(EEG), Electrooculogram(EOG), and Electromyogram(electromyogram). In past, there have been lots of studies wherein many researchers have used bio quests to view other device. electromyogram is consequently, one of the least explored mechanism form of biosignal to be deployed in HCI and its studies are useful for neu romuscular system as certain diseases may slow down muscle contraction and muscle firing leading(a) to paralysis of muscle.Keywords electromyogram, HCI, biosignals, skeletal muscles, neural linkage.1 IntroductionHCI is the one of the research area that emerged in early 1980s, which has expanded rapidly it was previously known as a man- machine interaction. HCI focuses on the interface among user and the computer and deals with the protrude, execution and assessment of computer system and other related receptive that are for human use. Designing interactive computer systems to be effective, efficient, easy and enjoyable to use is important, so that people and society may realize the benefits of computation found devices 1. The researchers observes the way human interacts with the computer system and design new technologies and interface that lets human and computers to interaction novel ways 2. Some of the example of popular HCI techniques are image processing, speech recognition , bio signal processing etc. HCIs goal is to minimize the differences amongst the humans goal of what they want to achieve and the understanding level of computer to perform the task. It relates knowledge from both the human and machine side. Due to its multidisciplinary nature, people with different study areas contribute to its success. Figure 1 shows the areas where HCI can be utilise with distinctive importance.Fig.1. Disciplines contribute to HCI 3electromyogram is an electro medical procedure for estimating and recorduroying the galvanizing signals produced by skeletal muscle. EMG is performed victimisation electromyography, to produce an electrical record or signal called electromyogram 4. An electromyography detects the electric potential generated by skeletal muscle cells when these cells are activated electrically or neurologically. The EMG technology helps capture communicates as inputs for virtual joysticks, keyboards leading to new application in mobile computing e tc 5. This signal can also be examine to detect medical abnormalities, energizing level, or biomechanics of human movement. The motor neurons of a human body transmit electrical signals that causes muscle to contract and an EMG translate this signals to graphs, sound or numeric values that can be interpreted by analyst. EMGs signal can be easily acquired using electrodes and it is of two types, dry electrode that is direct contact with the pelt that records muscles application from the line up above the muscle on the skin and require more than one electrode, because EMG recording displays the electric potential difference between two separate electrodes, second is gel or inserted EMG which can be performed using a electrolytic gel as a chemical interface between the skin and electrolyte 6. A needle electrode and fine wire electrode is the example of inserted electrode. Needle electrode is used in clinical areas and the tip of the electrode is bare and used for the surface detect ion. Fine wire electrode they are easily implanted in and withdrawn from the skeletal muscles, and is less painful then needle electrode. Thus EMG has a variety of clinical and biomedical applications where it is used to diagnose neuromuscular disease and many other maladys of motor picture.2EMG Used for HCIStudies are being carried come to the fore for the use of EMG signals inorder to identify disabilities as a significant number of individuals are suffering from severe motor disabilities, due to variety of causes, much(prenominal) as Spinal Cord Injury (SCI), Amythorphic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and so on 7. Therefore, EMG signal are not only used for identifying neuromuscular disorder but can also be as a control signals for prosthetic devices 8. It is the least explored compared to others biosignals like EEG, EOG etc. EMGs are natural means of HCI because the electrical signals induced by human muscle movement during its contraction represents nueromuscular movement that can be interpreted and transformed into computers control command. EMG signals can be used for a number of applications including clinical applications, HCI and interactive computer gaming. Basically EMG can be used to sense i manytric muscular activity which does not transalate into movement thus making it possible to classify subtle motionless gestures and to control interfaces without being noticed and without disrupting the surrounding environment 9. The EMG signal have different signatures i.e, two peoples gesture might be identical but their characteristics EMG signals are different interms of their age, muscle development skin prolific layer and gesture style. One of the chore of EMG is its signal contains a different type of noise that are caused by equipment noise, electromagnetic radiation etc and hence preprossing is needed to filter out the unwanted noise in EMG signal.3Related worksResearchers have worked on regarding how EMG signal is used to command some other devices like prosthetic arm, robots or change people with certain disabilities. These are shown in following radical.In 1996 Yasuharu Koike et.al, 10 veritable a human interface employing a model of an arm, robot control of an artificial contribute, and the learning of motion capability. The aim of this topic was to construct a complete forward dynamics model of the human arm by using Artificial queasy Network (ANN). The model has the ability to learn physiological recordings of EMG signals for simultaneous measurement of movement.In 2000 Alsayegh et.al, 11 proposed an EMG based signal where EMG signal is limited to three arm muscles (medial Deltoid) MD, (anterior deltoid) AB, (biceps brachii) BB that was able to recognize 12 arm gestures. The processing of EMG signal is based on arm gestures having unique temporal coordination. The categorization technique used is context dependent compartmentalization within the framework of utter theorem. non only the unique arm gesture by us ing EMG signal was developed there were various researchers working in the field of EMG for the people suffering with motor disabilities like hand paralysis, leg paralysis etc.In 2004 Jong sung kim et.al, 12 proposed a natural means of human computer interaction induced by human arms muscle movement and the generated EMG signal to be used as computer commands control. The paper developed an online EMG MOUSE system that controls movement of the cursor, which are interpretation of 6 pre-defined motions, up, down, left, right, click and rest. A Fuzzy Min Max Neural Network (FMMNN) is used as a classifier.In 2005 Inhyuk Moon et.al, 13 proposed a novel wearable EMG based HCI for the wheelchair user with severe motor disabilities caused by C4 and C5 spinal cord injury. The EMG signal is acquired by left, right and both shoulder elevation motion. EMG wearable device directly generates MAV (Mean median(a) Value) signal from raw EMG. The MAV signal is converted to digital data using AD conv erter embedded in a high speed micro controller. The recognized result is sent to the wheelchair controller via Bluetooth communication module. The following year one more paper regarding people suffering from motor disabilities was presented.In 2006 Ki-Hong Kim et.al, 14 developed an interface that relies on EMG signal acquired from human face during contraction of muscle. Electrodes are placed around forehead, cheeks and eyes. The subject was made to perform some actions like blinking of eyes, clenching of teeth, wrinkling of forehead and frowning. The signal is acquired and analyzed using LPC (Linear Prediction Coefficient) and LPC entropy were calculated to find the characteristics information contained in the measured signal. For pattern recognition Hidden Markov Model (HMM) is used. Same year some were working on hand gesture recognition.In 2006 Ganesh R Naik ei.al, 15 proposed an approach to identify hand gestures using muscle activity separated from electromyogram using ICA (Independent Component Analysis). The aim of the experiment in this paper was to test the use of ICA for separation of the EMG signals for the purpose of identifying hand gestures and actions. afterward the recognition of hand gestures and enabling motor disabilities, in 2008 JonghwaKim et.al, 16 proposed modification of a RC car that is controlled by users hand signs, instead of using remote control unit. The interfacing system first calculates relevant features in the EMG signal of four hand signs, classifies the hand signs into the four classes, and assigns the result to certain steering commands for the RC car. For feature extraction RMS was used calculated by observant last 16 incoming values. For classification KNN and Bayes theorem was combined using decision tree and purpose a control the car via PC.Similarly in 2009 Jun-Ru Ren et.al, 17 studied an Electromyogram Based on HCI. This paper showed a control system using forearm electromyography that is proposed for computer per ipheral control and artificial prosthetic device control. The system intends to realize the commands of six pre defined hand poses i.e. up, down, left, right, yes and no. Power spectral density (PSD) is used to measure signal power intensity and for classifier the Bayesian classifier is used for extracting feature. In the same year Ahsan et.al, 9 classified EMG signal techniques to help improve interface for disabled people. This paper discusses various methodologies and techniques for interpreting EMG signal.Researchers extended their study to multistep EMG classification in 2010 Armando Barreto et.al, 19 proposed a system that can effectively help disabled people from the neck down to interact with computer or communicate with people through computers using point and click graphic interfaces. The EMG signal is generated using facial muscle with a corresponding cursor movement command.In 2011 surface EMG has attracted an attention of researchers for interface signal. Ishii et.al, 2 0 studied about myoelectric prosthetic in which arm/hand gesture is princely by identification of the surface Electromyogram. For identification of motion neural network is used.In 2012 Takeshi Tsujimura et.al, 21 studied Hand Sign Classification Employing Myoelectric Signals of Forearm. The purpose of this paper was to design an uncomplicated system to identify finger motion and to develop innovative HMI. This paper also distinguishes the hand signs by analyzing the forearm EMG signals. It relies on the proposition that the specific muscles of forearm work even if fingers are moved.Researchers studied through multichannel surface EMG signals and in 2014 Han Li et.al, 4 showed HCI system Based on the multichannel SEMG of the hand gesture recognition based on the feature extraction, identification, classification and control of the SEMG which controls quad copter flight. In this paper, the four different gestures can be distinguished accurately to complete the real-time interactive process. The experimental results show that the HCI system based on SEMG has high accuracy. Auto regression method is used for compendium of SEMG signal and the classification is done using back propogation technique.In 2015 Ahmed Mehaoua et.al, 18 designed a novel EMG based system that aims to control multimedia musician in dewy-eyed, efficient and flexible manner. The objective of this paper was to provide efficient control system seeking to simplify the life of hand amputee persons by allowing them to control media player through EMG signals generated by muscle activation from forearm contraction. The electrical potential generated allows start, stop a video or switching between a set of media. For detecting muscle contraction four steps is used rectification, filtering, linear envelop and onset contraction and turns the signal into usable form. After detection of muscle contraction, system was enhanced by adding commands like start, stop, previous, next and pause.4Summary of SurveyThe survey paper focuses on evaluation and detection of an EMG signal and use of this system for real time. There are many classification methodologies and artificial intelligence techniques based on neural network to classify EMG signal. Some of the techniques are ANN, K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), and Support Vector Machine (SVM) etc.4.1. Back Propagation Neural NetworkBack propagation algorithm is employ on the multichannel SEMG 18 of the hand gesture recognition based on the featureextraction and control of the SEMG which controls quad copter flight. BP neural network contains three parts the BP neural network building, the BP neural network traning and the BP neural network classification.BP neural network building is determined according to the input and output charasteristics of the system structure of the BP neural network. The number of the AR (auto regression) model coefficientof input vector is 16 and the number of the output is 4,so theinput layer has 16 nodes and the output layer has 4 nodes.4.2. Fuzzy Min Max Neural NetworkJong-Sung Kim 12 applied fuzzy mean max neural network (FMMNN) as a classifier for online EMG mouse that controls computer cursor. Also, stochastic values such as integral absolute value were used as features for an appropriate classification of the intended wrist motions. 6 predefined wrist motions to left, right, up, down, click and rest carrying out were determined.4.3. Hidden Markov ModelKi-Hong Kim 14 developed an interface using EMG signal from human face.For pattern recognition HMM comprised three states and two Gaussian mixtures per state is busy which is used as a classifier. The standalone interface system was implemented and the subject (people as volunteers) were able to make the wheelchair turn left, right, forward and backward by simple action provided by them. Classification is done by comparing the likelihood values of an arbitrary feature sequence evaluated from four HMMs, HMML, HMMR, HMMF, and HMMB for le ft, right, forward, and backward, respectively, and selecting the model with the maximum value.4.4. Bayes NetworkAlsayegh et.al, 11 presented an EMG-based human-machine interface system that interprets arm gestures in the 3-dimensional (3D) space. Gestures are interpreted by sensing the activities of three muscles, namely, anterior deltoid (AD), medial deltoid (MD), and biceps brachii (BB) muscles. The problem of gesture classification is carried out in a framework of the statistical pattern recognition. The processing of the EMG signals utilizes the temporal coordination activity of the monitored muscles to identify a token gesture. The classification procedure is carried out by constructing successive feature vectors for each gesture. These feature vectors describe the gestures temporal signature. This type of classification is referred to as the context-dependent classification, which is carried out in this study within the framework of Bayes theorem. The development of an EMG b ased interface for hand gesture recognition is presented by Jonghwa Kim et.al, 16. For realizing real-time classification secure acceptable recognition accuracy, they introduced the combination of two simple linear classifiers (K-nearest neighbour (KNN) KNN and Bayes) in decision level fusion.Table 1 provides the summary of the survey in accordance with the methodologies used in various papers. It provides the description of the success rate resulted by the use of classification techniques.Table 1.Summary of major methods used for EMG classificationClassifier usedTitle ResearchersDescription Back Propagation Neural NetworkHuman computer interaction system design based on surface EMG signals. Han Li , Xi Chen, et.al, (2014)93% success rate in the multichannel SEMG of the hand gesture recognition.Auto-regressive model method is used.Hidden Markov ModelA matter-of-fact biosignal-based human interface applicable to the assistive systems for people with motor impairment. Ki-Hong Kim e t.al (2006)97% success rate in developing an interface using human face. beat was able to turn left, right, forward and backward.Fuzzy Min Max Neural NetworkA new means of HCI EMG-mouse. Jong-sung Kim et.al, (2004)Stochastic values such as integral absolute values were used as feature extraction.Six distinctive wrist motions can be classified well.Pattern recognition rate of each wrist motions is above 90%.Bayes NetworkA practical EMG-based human-computer interface for users with motor disabilities. Alsayegh et.al,(2000)classification is done in a framework of statistical pattern recognition.classification rate reported was 96%.EMG-based hand gesture recognition for realtime biosignal interfacing. Jonghwa Kim et,al, (2008)K-Nearest Neighbour (k-NN) classifier added with Bayes to obtain good resultAverage classification rate reported was over 94%.5ConclusionDeveloping better human computer interface will help improve quality of life of people suffering from physical disabilities. EMG signal is one of the natural technique that captures electrical signals from human body for the use of HCI and provides an interface for human and computer to interact appropriotely. This survey paper focuses on the work of various researchers, the methodologies used for the classification of EMG signal. Therefore, it can be concluded from the survey of various paper that neural network has been used as a prominent classification technique of EMG signal for HCI.For future works new and more enchanced classification techniques can be developed besides neural network, a work can be done in creating light weight EMG signal, multiclass hand process and on-line processing.ReferencesDix, A. 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