Morality in “A Farewell to Arms”

The concept of worship equals to the dimension of hu gentlemans gentleman existence whereby man con sc arcrows or finds himself, an perfect vision of man, or an ideal state and goal of his existence which he finds himself oriented toward. The ideal vision thus constitutes for him an exigency, a accept to telephone numberion in accord with the ideal vision and goal. By the same token, this ideal vision of man constitutes a fundamental norm in relation to which his life and actions be judged to be either function or rail at, good or bad.Right and slander literally mean beingness straight or not, in line with, in conformity or not, with the norm. On the other hand, good and bad are often used as equivalents of right and wrong. However, in more precise language, right and wrong refer specifically to that which is morally binding or obligatory. Thus, the right action is that which we ought to do or ought to have done, whereas the wrong action is that which we ought to refrain f rom or ought to have refrained from doing. (Williams)In a shorter and briefer evaluation of the concept of devotion, morality stands for what is established as standard for right and wrong. It goes for what the society has as norm or custom. An action feces be permissible though it is not moral. However in this regard, rightness and wrongness are reveal of issue. practicability is said to be the motivation force for such action which is primarily due to its character as necessary. Yet, necessity is strictly beyond the sphere of morality.morality in A Farewell to Arms orFarewell to ManzanarThe yarn boldly exposed the transformation of the character of Lt. Fredric Henry while he sedulous to different characters. First transformation occurs after he met Catherine. Before, he was initially described as juvenile and womanizer. The nature of his work asked him to leave his personal enlivens over his goal as soldier that which is to obey the soldiery and fight for his country. In this initial scene, Henry was not really aware of what he was doing.He hanged out with his comrades. He drank alcoholic beverages. He engaged himself to many women. But such seemed to be normal for a soldier like him. Being a soldier, he was runed to risk his life in order to do his job. As compensation, he wanted to relax by having night-outs and drinking sessions with his co-soldiers. However, when he k naked Catherine, he short became serious in his life. He was now more considerate in all that he did. He stopped going to bars. He stopped hanging out with his comrades. He instead focused himself on his relationship with Catherine. For a while, he wanted to be free from his work as a soldier. further no matter how he was serious with the girl, he just cannot stick away his being a soldier. Catherine was pregnant. He wanted to be at her side. Yet he knew that he had to go back to the front and function as a soldier. He was in a plight. He knew that if he chose the former, he w ould cast off his occupation as a soldier to his country. And if he chose the latter he would neglect his obligation to Catherine and to their bollix as father. But like what was stated earlier, he knew that his work requires sacrifice of his personal interests that which is more classic is the interest of his country and countrymen. Later on, he virtuously considered the latter.Upon knowing that on that point was this conspiracy to bring rout the army by some of his co-soldiers, he escaped from the army. In this scene, Henry can be seen as a soldier that upon knowing what was really happening, he had chosen to leave the army instead of inform the incident to his superiors maybe because he was somewhat worried of himself. But then as a retainer of his country, his duty is to protect and fight for his country no matter what happen. In this aspect, he acted against his duty.When he fled from the army, he happened to meet again with Catherine. Realizing that he had a responsib ility toward her and their baby, he convinced her to go to Switzerland and make new life. The girl agreed and together they ran away. It is to be noted that before the two met and became in love with each(prenominal) other, they had already duties to their countries.Henry was a soldier and Catherine was a nurse. When they escaped, they turned down these supposed jobs in stake of their own interests. Honestly, I cannot literally say that they had committed a moral crime of being selfish. Selfishness can be right in certain situations. But still, they leftover their posts as servants of their country hence someway they can be criticized for doing such.To analyze Henrys transformation, his character started at the end of the continuum, far from being moral. But after he met Catherine, he became aware of the rightness and wrongness of his actions. Conversely, in the end of the story his moral ascendancy was exposed to conflicting duties duty to his country as a soldier and duty to C atherine and his baby as father. Personally, I think that Henry failed to exercise his practical reason for choosing his own interest over his countrys interest. And this can be supported by the ending when Catherine and his child died. It suggested that he had picked the wrong decision therefore he suffered its ill-consequences.Using Kantian Ethics, Utilitarianism and justice EthicsMoral Theories are important in the evaluation of human actions. They serve as the chief framework and criteria for moral judgment.(Timmons) Furthermore, morality is said to be one of the most contested concepts. Its truthfulness and applicability are always put into question. It is true that morality is more specific than the concept of morals because ethics refers to the study of human actions whereas morality pertains to a particular set of standards in which moral judgment is being based.(Williams)Now, in evaluation of morality, there are different aspects that moral theories tend to look at.(Harri s) Kantianism or the Kantianism, one of the Deontological theories, implies that human actions are judged with author to duty or obligation.(Baron) On the contrary, Utilitarianism states that moral judgment can be done by challenge to the consequences of human actions.(Mill) Nevertheless, Virtue Ethics does not focus its evaluation neither on the duty or consequence of an action but kind of on the character or the intention of the acting agent.(Hursthouse)It is notable to use the abovementioned moral theories in analyzing the transformation of Lt. Henrys character throughout the story.Kantian ethics would most likely criticize Henry for not fulfilling his duties to his country and to his baby. As mentioned earlier, Henry first left Catherine even if he was already aware of the latters pregnancy. When he escaped from the army, he harmonise with Catherine and planned to move to Switzerland. Obviously, as it was manifested in the novel, Henry neglected his duty as soldier. For Kan tianism, such undertake is morally wrong.In relation to the Utilitarian principle, greatest good for the greatest number, Henry also failed to act morally.(Mill) He undervalued his job as soldier and instead pursued his personal interest. Though his action would public assistance him, Catherine and the baby what was deserted was his task of fighting and protecting his country and his fellow countrymen. Obviously, the latter was greater in number as compared to the former and possessed the most intrinsic good. Utilitarianism would say that Henry failed to act morally.Finally, Virtue ethics suggests that the assessment of Henrys decisions and actions should be based on his character and intention.(Hursthouse Williams) Giving the particular that Henry had this intention of escaping and abandoning the army for he valued more his life (though there is nothing wrong for doing such), virtue ethics would say that Henry was not virtuous for not being courageous in facing the worse situati on that he supposedly had. Moreover, he was not virtuous for he did not make a good judgment in making decisions or in solving the dilemma that he had. As a result, he acted against what is morally right in the light of the Virtue ethics. terminationTo sum up, the novel A Farewell to Arms can be described as a story of struggle.(Hemingway) This struggle was all about freeing oneself from the sphere of war, from the sphere of morality. Morality suggests what one ought to do and not to do.(Williams) It talks about standards and code of conducts. On the other hand, morality fades in the sphere of state of war and in the sphere of love. One has the privilege to either stick to what he think is right rather than do what society tells him to do so. At the end of the day, what gives person happiness is what really counts.References/ Works CitedBaron, Marcia W. Kantian Ethics Almost without Apology New ed ed Cornell University Press, 1999.Harris, C. E. Applying Moral Theories 5th ed Wadswo rth Publishing, 2006.Hemingway, Ernest. A Farewell to Arms. Reprint ed Scribner, 1995.Hursthouse, Rosalind. On Virtue Ethics. New ed ed Oxford University Press, 2002.Mill, John Stuart. Utilitarianism. IndyPublish, 2005.Timmons, Mark. Moral Theory Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. , 2002.Williams, Bernard. Morality An Introduction to Ethics (Canto). Reissue ed Cambridge University Press, 1993.