Summary notes Billy elliot

Purpose Present viewers with the realities of being different Changing pre-conceptions towards themes of gender and sexuality through a story of a young boy dealing with these issues Encourages acceptance and breaking free from stereotypes Links to ‘Into the World' Young people have ability to rise against prejudice and overcome obstacles to become a success as they move into adulthood E. G. Billy reluctantly participating in boxing to please his father (obstacles) 0 naturally drawn to ballet which is contrasted to Tony's violent, defiant character (e. Riot scene where Tony attempts to evade the police and Is captured and beaten) with Billy's quiet and gentle persona to demonstrate different ways In which young people transition Into adulthood. Billy does not fit the male stereotype expected from the working class Love of music and dancing that separates him from other boys his age His dream is to possibly escape the angry, motherless family through Mrs.. Wilkinson suggestion f or the Royal Ballet School. He responds to the loss of his mother with grief, opposing the angry, silent espouses of Tony and Jackie.He experiences difficult situations for an eleven year old though responds with courage, passion and determination. This affirms Mrs.. Wilkinson advice that: â€Å"It's not about what you know†¦ It's about how you move, how you express yourself,† Aftermath of Billy's experiences of growing up and moving into the world are positive and negative Positive: Achieves his goal to be a dancer and surpass the restrictions of the congested town Negative: Criticism of schoolmates and family 0 must hide his passion from the worldThe piano that belonged to Billy's mother acts as a symbol of hope and escape for Billy E. G. Jackie yells at Billy to stop playing, foreshadowing the negative impact that his father's anger will have on Billy in his search for beauty. E. G. When Jackie cuts up the piano for firewood on Christmas, Billy asks â€Å"Do you thin k she'll mind? † â€Å"Shut it Billy, she's dead'. Here, the destruction of the piano symbolizes Billy's destroyed hopes to escape through music and dance.Music Main genre punk rock to capture feelings of angst and frustration towards poverty ND prejudice they experienced Upbeat pop rock is included when Billy succeeds creating tone of excitement e. G. Hiding the ballet shoes under the bed Non-dietetic music used to symbolism change in Billy e. G. Dancing through the streets with ballet slippers around his neck, paralleling previous images of him with boxing gloves similarly positioned, combined with uplifting music 0 change in attitude and direction in life for Billy. Dietetic music used to show Billy's growing happiness e.

What is Womens Studies

Women s Studies explores a wide assortment of issues. Since the scope of topics that Women s Studies covers is so broad, it is difficult to come up with a solid definition that fully explains this subject. I believe that the central category of analysis in Women’s Studies is gender. This subject examines the historically constructed understanding of what it means to be a â€Å"woman† or a â€Å"man. † Women s Studies courses examine gender and women, drawing on a wide variety of experiences from women s perspectives. Not only does Women s Studies explore gender; it also takes a good look at the issues of race, class and sexual orientation and how they impact the development of women in a variety of cultural, social, and economic contexts. Because it is the norm that white, middle class, straight, able-bodied women of a certain age have considerably more access to power and resources than women of color, poor women, lesbians, the disabled, the very young or very old, incorporating the life stories and views of these minority women is a crucial part of Women s Studies. Women of color who are involved in Women s Studies have and still are making great strides in eliminating the stereotypes that not only involve their sex, but their race and culture as well. The text Women: Images and Realities written by Amy Kesselman et. al. includes Black feminist Alice Walker s definition of womanism: Black feminism, or womanism, draws on the historical strength of black women in their families and communities and the rich African-American tradition of resistance, persistence, and survival (12). Women s Studies also takes a in depth look at feminism. Kesselman s et. al. defines feminism as The belief that women have been historically subordinate to men, as well as to the commitment to working for freedom for women in all aspects of social life (9). Women s Studies classes often focus on the early feminists, the struggles they endured, and the impact they have had in getting women as far as they are in society today. I believe Women s Studies owes a big part of its existence to the movement for the liberation of women; the feminist movement exists because women are oppressed. Kesselman s et. al. text, describes Women s Studies as a course which Is an important and exciting experience that introduces new ways of seeing both the world and oneself (8). As our society becomes increasingly diverse, I believe students who study Women s Studies develop an awareness and understanding of diversity that makes an important contribution to any endeavor.

Alternative-Fuel Vehicles Essay Example for Free

Alternative-Fuel Vehicles Essay Atmospheric pollution is a major problem nowadays. So it is important that we should immediately find alternative fuel sources for petroleum and reduce the emission of harmful gases in the atmosphere. This has been the dream of many scientists because this will significantly reduce the emission of carbon dioxide, a green house gas, to the atmosphere. Most of these fuels can be manufactured domestically so I cut the costs of importing from other countries. Some are even derived from renewable sources. Electric cars are now being manufactured globally. Unknown to many, electricity-powered cars came into the automotive scene before its diesel and petroleum counterpart. But due to the limitations of the technology in the past, its development was stopped and diesel cars became the standard car. Most of the problems electric cars faced points to the battery. Batteries were heavy and required recharging. But there are new developments in this technology. A battery now has longer life and comes in much lighter forms. The main drawback of this car is the distance it can travel before the batteries run out. If there are enough recharging stops, like gas stations, the electric car will prove itself as a fuel-efficient and environment-friendly car. Natural gas cars are also gaining popularity. The promise of being able to fuel the car at one’s own home is hard to deny. Honda calls it a personalized solution to the fact that gasoline stations don’t sell natural gas. The Honda model Civic GX is coined as the cleanest internal combustion engine-powered vehicle ever tested by Environmental Protection Agency. However, natural gas is not renewable. A potential advantage of Hydrogen cars is that it can be used over and over again by the process of electrolysis. Although the supply hydrogen is not limited as fossil-fuels, production of such cars doesn’t come at a cheap price. Hydrogen has many advantages if used to fuel cars, but currently it is very expensive. Some car companies offer to convert diesel cars into hydrogen cars, but most of the time the price of conversion is much more expensive than the original price of the car. Also, hydrogen in normal temperature is gas and to be used as fuel it should be squeezed in high pressures so it is somewhat difficult to contain. Fuel cell cars are definitely a technology to watch for. It has the potential to minimize the use of energy while reducing harmful emissions at the same time. What sets it above the others is that it can make its own energy through certain chemical processes. Also, fuel cell cars don’t emit pollutants. But the price is almost the same for hydrogen cars, if not higher. The developments in fuel cells is rather young, it is not yet tested as compared to other alternative fuels, so it would be a risk if we utilize this technology right away. Among these alternative sources of energy, I choose natural gas. The other alternatives may score a higher grade in terms of energy advantage and minimal emission, but they are too expensive. The economy will suffer as we save the environment using Hydrogen, Electric, and Fuel Cell cars. Natural gas is widely distributed around the world. New natural gas reserves are discovered as time pass, it is just waiting for us to harness fuel from it. Most countries will be able to tap their own resources and strengthen one’s economy. The production of cars and fuel supply for natural gas cars is also very feasible compared to the other alternatives. Atmospheric pollution is increasing during each day. And since natural gas is the cheapest, we can immediately put it to use. This is the realistic approach concern the threat of global warming. We put into use something that works and will be a benefit for both the economy and environment. And after we became successful in harnessing natural gas, and the economic condition permits it, it is the time to upgrade to hydrogen or fuel cells and completely eliminate harmful emissions from vehicles. Alternative-Fuel Vehicles. (2017, Feb 19).

A Commodity Chain Analysis of a pair of shoes Essay

A Commodity Chain Analysis of a pair of shoes - Essay Example It is worth bringing such a product into perspective in order to unearth the whole processes that lead to the final products that the whole want have now made an essential part of their lifestyle. This analysis is mainly focused on the leather shoes. It is an unparalleled fact that leather shoes is the most consumed of all the brands of shoes that exist. It is mainly used as part of the attire for clerical and office works. Many companies across the world have made leather shoes part of their attire and a mandatory requirement for any staff. However, leather shoes are not only used as attire for office work but it also forms a very core part of casual wears. It is therefore imperative to the needs of the society that a little focus is given to this special kind of shoes. A pair of leather shoes is very popular in modern society as many people now use it. The most consumers of leather shoes currently are the world’s growing economies (Roberts, 32). This includes nations in the some parts of the Americas, Europe, Africa, Middle East and Far East. In the Americas, the use of leather shoes has been part of the existing population for hundreds of years. With the production of leather shoes having been in existence for such a long time, it is worth noting that the major source of raw materials for these products have mainly been Africa and Asia. These materials are gotten through numerous import agencies who gather the materials from their resources inlets. These inlets are always set up in rural areas where animals are kept in their large numbers. The materials are then used in the manufacturing of the leather shoes that are the sold to different parts of the world through exports thus earning the respective countries involved in the trade foreign exchange. This helps in enhancing the economic growth of the respective nations. The production of leather shoes has spread into many parts

Chapter 1- What is Geomorphology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Chapter 1- What is Geomorphology - Essay Example The earth’s conspicuous features are landforms. These conspicuous features vary in lifespan (days-millennia-eons) and size (molehills-mountains). Geomorphology deliberates the landforms and the processes shaping them; because the processes, forms and their interrelationships are essential to landforms’ development and origin. Form is considered to be manifested in three aspects; constitution, mass flow and configuration (Huggett, 2011). However, these variables of form differ from dynamic variables (force, momentum, stress, energy influx and power) linked to geomorphic processes (Huggett, 2011). The difference of the variables can be explained as follows. For instance, a beach’s scenario is adopted for the explanation. The constitutional properties comprise grain shape, grains’ mean diameter, grains’ sorting and the beach’s moisture content. Dynamic variables combine the water currents’ drag stress and human beings’ and burrowing animals’ forces. Configurational properties consist of beach’s water depth, slope’s angle, form profile, while mass flow variables encompass deposition, erosion and transport rates. Geomorphic processes refer to the diverse physical and chemical avenues through which the surface of the earth experience modifications. These processes are compelled by forces originating outside the earth (extraterrestrial processes), in atmosphere and near the surface of the earth (exogene/ exogenic processes) and inside the earth (endogene/ endogenic processes). The geomorphic processes include transferring and transforming processes linked to ice, gravity, water, wind and weathering (Huggett, 2011). Geomorphic enquiries rely on linkages between process and form; each aspect, form or process, influences the other. Therefore, geomorphic process influences, and is in turn influenced by

Principal agent theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Principal agent theory - Essay Example The relationship that takes place between particular agents along with a particular principal is recognized as agency. Under the principal agent theory, the principals liability does not ends when authority is transferred to the agent and the principal continues to be liable to the third party for any shortcoming from the end of the agent. The agent principal theory is applied in various contexts such as employment and real estate. In case of employment a principal agent relationship arises when a owner of c particular company hires a manager to work or operate on his behalf while dealing with third parties. In this case the principal is the owner of the company and the agent is the manager. Similarly, subordinates become agents and managers become agents when subordinates work on the behalf of the managers. In both cases the principal is held reliable for any wrong doings conducted by the agent. Issues in Principal Agent Theory Owners of a company are regarded as principals when the y enter into a contract with the agents as agents accept that they will manage the principal’s business. ... An issue between the agent and the principal does not take place until there is a coexistence of the benefits for both the principal and the agent. A principal might end up experience cost of agency when the self interest of both the individuals deviates. This is because if the agents have the opportunity they will try to ensure that their own utility is maximized as they end up giving more importance to their self interest over the interest of the principal (Steiner, 2002, p.17). There is ample amount of probability that both the agents and the principals do not share mutual opportunities of benefits. The theory of agency even states that a principal cannot be sure whether agent will give importance to his own utility over the utility of the principal thus the principle tries to minimize losses that are projected towards his own utility. They do so by keeping strict control over the agent and monitoring the behavior of the agent. The issue that is caused due to the self serving beha vior of the agent is even recognized as hidden action (Stolle, 2008, p.63). An issue of hidden action arises as the agent may be involved in committing an act that cannot be observed by the principal or the principal does not have the information to identify what the agent is involved into. For example: In the case of real estate, an individual may hire a real estate agent to look for a home with certain characteristics and of certain price. The principal doers not know where to look for a home that is compatible with his requirements and is even not aware of the price of such a house. The agent’s task is to locate such a house and quote the correct price of the house to the principal. Since the agent has the motivation of maximizing his/her utility he may

The Financial Crisis of 2007 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

The Financial Crisis of 2007 - Research Paper Example The 2007 financial crisis proved to be the worst financial crisis in the history of finance. Nowadays, economies are not surviving in isolation but, actually, they are interlinked and due to this reason a fluctuation in one economy can have significant impact on other countries’ economies as well. Lately, due to this reason some major bankruptcy issues were faced by countries like Italy, Greece and Egypt. In this regard, it becomes essential to get insights about the major triggers behind financial crisis so as to develop some individual backup plans in order to survive in the times of recessions and financial crisis. For each individual, it is imperative to understand the basic criteria of spending and investment during the times of recession. Subsequent paragraphs expansively provide insights about the major triggers behind global financial crisis and events that led to these crises. Major Triggers Behind Global Financial Crisis 2007 The major reason behind the occurrence of global financial crisis 2007 was the crash of the US housing markets. This situation was mainly caused by the issuance of subprime mortgage and subsequent defaults of the U.S. in the beginning of new millennium, the world’s economy faced serious concerns including terrorists’ attacks of 9/11, collapse of dot com bubble followed by recession 2007.

Pastoral counseling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Pastoral counseling - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that many a time, people have thought mistakenly that being a pastor only entails the issuance of homilies and exhorting Christian congregants to observe Christ’s teachings. However, a critical look and direct involvement in pastoring not only corrected researcher's view but also underscores the comprehensive nature of duties which fall under pastoring. The author came to this realization when a parishioner left the congregation, following the failure of the parish to access proper counseling services, leaving him unsatisfied and unstuck. As far as the first year of pastoring and ministry is concerned, several challenges beset my aspiration to be the pastor the researcher had intended. He had difficulty in successfully and effectively reaching out to members of the church, especially when they needed counseling services. Part of this difficulty had its underpinnings in the fact that the author was still a novice in the work of the mi nistry. Being a novice in the work of the ministry also bombarded his psychology with timidity, and thereby hindering me from ministering well to a more mature audience. Conversely, there are some among the congregation who felt that he was too young to effectively minister to them. Secondly, he had not obtained formal training for the work of the ministry. Instead, the author was only armed with the conviction that the Bible as God’s word is an essential resource in counseling. To him, every problem that the parishioner had could be solved through the scriptural application. Â  ... Nevertheless, that there were problems in my approach and nascent stage of development in the ministry is a matter that was underscored by silent protest by the parishioners. Of much note was a parishioner who needed referrals to people-helper, in order to access counseling services. Due to my limitations, I doubted if I knew what to do exactly and continued to offer counseling services with little help. The culmination of this development was the parishioner leaving the church because of dissatisfaction and psychological detachment from the church. It is then that I realized that God’s commands are far much more than what can be attained by man, however sincere and devoted he may be, since those commands are spiritual. Again, when the parishioner left, I reckoned with the degree to which counseling is important in the running of the church. I came to appreciate the reason why Christ Himself is referred to as Wonderful Counselor. Current Needs and Expectations Even in the chur ch, it is expected that the man of God is equipped to do all that pertains to God’s work, and to align God’s people to God’s will. The spirit of love, power and sound mind is what God wills that His children have, yet competent counseling is a powerful tool by which love, power and sound can be acquired. Because of this, it is expected that the Church and the ministers are equipped to discharge duties and responsibilities that are geared towards ameliorating the condition of the faithful. Again, with the advent of the 20th century, the Church is expected to shift from classical views on counseling and personality and psychological soundness as being a culmination of spiritual warfare, or the ravaging

Economic class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Economic class - Essay Example The models fitted well into the turnarain framework while the attention [paid to the link between market forces and institutional development made a richer discussion. The emphasis on foreign and external demand sources to trigger growth has much more appeal that those explanations that are based upon supply forces and that seem to lack a starting mechanism. Regional specialization and possibilities for inter-regional trade in the antebellum Unites States have intrigued economists and historians alike. The works of Douglass C. North have stimulated a lot of research on the location and the growth of industries and populations. The issue of economics of slavery complemented the study of regional development. Discussion revolves around Southern development, both in the agricultural and manufacturing sector, with particular attention being paid to the question to which the south was successful or could have been successful in feeding itself as well as producing staples for export. The e vidence collected by various researchers indicated that the south was largely independent of the western food supplies (Herbst Lawarence 1975, 264-270). The basic model used by North bares resemblance to that by Innis as the "staple

Imagining the west Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Imagining the west - Thesis Example The proclaimed ideological objective of Early American expansionists was to secure living space in the entire American West for the whites agricultural settlement by cleansing the new space for â€Å"whites† through the displacement of the Native Americans (Carroll 8). The ‘American West† involved racial-imperialist continental territorial expansion incorporating ‘taking’ indigenous’ land by force (Carroll 43). In 1893, Jackson Frederick Turner, a historian of the American West, expressed that frontier and westbound expansion served numerous purposes. The frontier acted like the â€Å"safety valve† reducing overpopulation by allowing Americans to free land. Moreover, the frontier exhibited new financial or economic opportunities as people searched for resources and land to exploit with the goal to guarantee prosperity (Koetzing 4). Turner’s Frontier Thesis accounts factors in the course of American imperialism since it crystallizes many of the desires and hopes that Americans had in the last decades of the nineteenth century (Koetzing 5). According to Turner, the frontier was "the gathering, meeting, point in the middle of civilization2 and savagery". Turners idea of the frontier enveloped ideas of progress, conquest, and individual accomplishment or achievement. Turners concept resonates with the definition of what it is to be an American today: he believed that the advancements of American settlements westwards with the conquest or triumph of landscape clarified American development (Koetzing 6) Turners frontier myth, the "gathering, meeting, point between of civilization and savagery", characterized the American’s relationship with the natural world found and misused for the name of advancement. The West availed the free land on which democracy and equality based system could thrive. The present of a continuously growing frontier was to account for remarkable American qualities: "the presence of a zone of free land, its consistent

Feudalism and Manorialism Essay Example for Free

Feudalism and Manorialism Essay Feudalism and manorialism were very linked. They go together step by step in the Middle Ages. Feudalism concerned the rights, power, and lifestyle of the military elite: manorialism involved the service and obligations of the peasant classes. Word feudalism was invented in the 17 century by Montesquieu and popularized it in The Spirit of the Laws (1748). In the late eighteenth century people said that feudalism is the privileges of the aristocratic nobility, privileges that provoked the wrath of the bourgeoisie ((McKay, A History of Western Society 259). Later Karl Marx adopted it to other meaning. He thought that feudalism was precapitalistic society. Now people think that feudalism was social and political system held together by bonds of kingship, homage, and fealty and by grants of benefits lands or estates given by king, lay lord, or ecclesiastical officer (bishop or abbot) to another member of the nobility or to a knight. (McKay, A History of Western Society 270.) However it arent all meanings of feudalism. Bloch thought that it is a whole system of life centered on lordship. Feudalism was a military society. Men dominated in it. However women was not so significant. Feudalism had military society. Manorialism involved the service and obligation of the peasant classes. The economic power of the warring class rested on landed estates, which were worked by peasants (McKay, A History of Western Society 261). Here we can say that feudalism and manorialism is connected to each other. Nothing in our world is made for nothing. People need something to return for their service. In manorialism was the same. Peasants needed protection, and lords asked them to surrender themselves and their lands to the lords jurisdiction. Peasants were ties to the land by various kinds of payments and service, despite of freedom of land. The peasant had to pay fee to marry someone from outside. They had to give percent of their crop to the lords. They also paid fine. Soon peasants became part of lords possession. Of course the transition from freedom to serfdom was slow and its speed was closely related to the political life in a given part of country. Hence feudalism and manorialism were inextricably linked.

Nature Of The Airline Industry Tourism Essay

Nature Of The Airline Industry Tourism Essay This report identifies the business environment and draws comparisons of the airline industry pertaining to countries, India and China. An attempt has been made to put forth the analyses of the broad macro-environment factors of the industry in terms of Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental and Legal factors (PESTEL). Apart from the above, the Five Forces analysis has been carried in order to assess the attractiveness of the industries and understand their potential for change. The Airline industry with relevance to this report comprises of air transportation which includes both scheduled and chartered flights but excludes air freight transportation. The Focus of this report is to provide an outline of the present environmental conditions in terms of the nature of the airline industry, its structure, outlining the strategies employed by the players in the airline industry to sustain in tough economic environment and make an attempt to forecast the future environmental conditions. Our prime justification to compare the industry from India and China lies in our belief that the two countries would and probably are transforming the global economy in the 21st Century. India and China have achieved growth which fared twice as much as the global economy growth. A huge and demanding consumer class is also pushing the economy northwards and it is essential for the countries to meet the aspirations of a demanding economy. Overview of the Global Airlines Industry For the past two years, 2008 and 2009, Airline Industry was negatively affected by the economic downturn and the oil price hike. Now that the global economy is showing signs of recovery, demand for air travel is increasing from the previous years depressed levels. Combating the recessionary effect has not been easy as various measures like cutting costs; slashing capacity and increasing load factor were adopted by the airline companies globally. Global Airline industry reported revenues of USD 380.5 Billion in 2009, achieving a Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 2.5% for the period 2005-2009 (Datamonitor, Global Airlines Industry). The total number of passengers in the Airline Industry for the year numbered 2002.7 million and the numbers are expected to grow at a CAGR of 5% to 2551.5 million passengers by end of 2014. Strong rivalry and supplier power characterizes the global airlines industry. Even though there are large number of buyers, Product differentiation is minimal and involves negligible switching costs. It also leaves the carrier vulnerable to reduction in demand in the industry which is sensitive to the wider economy. Supplier power in the global airlines industry is strong as reliability and safety of the flights are critical. Entrances to the airlines industry are restricted due to economic barriers. The up-front costs are huge and substantial financial backing is required to cover the initial costs and ex penses henceforth from there. Airline companies today are forming alliance with other companies with the intention to achieve diversified network of operations, scale economies in terms of purchase of fuel, and even sharing of aircraft to reduce the power of the supplier. Code sharing has risen as a phenomenon catching up in the Asia Pacific region of the world where companies are forming alliances with other carriers around the world. Consolidation is a major opportunity for the players in the airline industry to increase their revenues, cost savings and enhance competitive position. The global airlines industry is projected to benefit the service providers as there is a new customer base in the present arising from the emerging economies which will fuel the growth of the industry and would see emergence of new players giving more competition to the existing ones. With continued and sustainable demand for air travel, Airline companies would see opportunities which would be coherent with the rising aspirations of people. The Indian Aviation Story In the year 2003, the whole world celebrated the centenary year of the powered flight. Indians had to wait for more than a decade to see the first aircraft airborne from the Indian soil. In the early December of the year 1910, a group of people from Belgium and England came to India with several airplanes. The idea was to showcase the marvel of a flying object and to explore business opportunities from it. Planes were showcased after assembling its parts. The groups were able to have a successful trip as their products were well received and were brought in by the royalties in India. It was December 15th 1932 when the first flight in India taken off under the name of Tata Aviation, which later went on to become Air India. Tata Aviation was started by JRD Tata after much protracted negotiations with the government of India. Eventually, during 1953, an act of nationalizing all the airlines was passed in the parliament and Tata Aviation went on to become Air India which then served the international traffic. The Indian Airline industry has come a long way today. In the year 2009, Indian Airline industry grew by 9% to reach the value of USD 7 billion. It grew by 35.5% to reach a volume of 73.8 million passengers. By 2014, it is forecasted to have a value of USD 17.9 billion and volumes of 156.2 million passengers. The Indian Airline industry experience growth even after seeing a period of decline in 2008. While the growth rate of Indian Airlines industry was far better than that of China, The airline industry in India could achieve merely one thirds of revenue when compared to the Chinese Airline industry. Like the global airlines industry, Indian airlines industry is characterized by strong rivalry and supply power, the buyers being leisure travelers and business travelers while fuel suppliers, aircraft manufacturers and skilled employees as the key suppliers. High Price sensitivity due to product differentiation being minimal strengthens the power of the buyers. Supplier power is strong as airlines enter into contracts with the suppliers and the industry lacks alternatives or substitutes. Price sensitivity is high and availability of alternative strengthens the buyer power. The entrance into the market poses economic barriers as there needs to be solid financial back up to enter into this industry. Distributions and establishing networks and booking presence regionally are of critical importance for the success of a company. Rivalry in the Indian Airline industry is strong and has increased since the presence of the low cost carriers. Costs are the determining factor for airlines as the Indian consumer today is more price conscious than ever. Over the past two decades, the Indian Airline industry has experienced both stagnation and unprecedented growth. The potential for growth in the Indian Airline industry remains strong as with massive population with growing incomes only adds to the fact that the Airline Industry has a long way to go. Currently, only 2% of the Indian population prefers to fly by air. Between the year 2003 and 2006, Indian Airlines industrys open sky policy opened the floodgates for the arrival of new start up carriers which changed the face of the industry beyond recognition. Liberalization in terms of allowing the domestic carriers to go international and allowing the international carriers greater access to the domestic market spurned the industry to achieve double digit growth. However, the increase in traffic increased the top line of the players in the industry, but due to low margins, lower yields, inadequate airport infrastructure and lack of trained pilots and engineers saw many of the compani es bleeding with negative bottom lines. As rising oil prices in the year 2008 hurt airlines all over the world, Indian tax systems made the matters even worse as it added 60% of total costs. Carriers were left with no other alternative but to pass on the burden to the customers who in turn chose alternative forms of transportation leading to 10-12 percent drop in traffic. A more positive environment is starting to emerge as the Centre for Asia pacific Aviation (CAPA) report suggests. According to CAPA, the airline industry is India is on the path of recovery as figures from the mid year 2010 have suggested. Better operating environment, with gradual upgrade of airspace and ground access development, would only help carriers achieve faster turnaround and higher aircraft utilization. The potential lies in the Indian Airlines Industry with CAPA predicting the industry having 1000 planes from 400 in the present and 4 times increase in traffic from the current trends. The performance of the industry is forecasted to accelerate and drive the industry to create positive value for the service providers as well as the customers. Environmental Analysis An assessment of external macro environment can be carried out by analyzing the Political, Economic, Social Technological factors. These factors are beyond a company or an industrys controls and sometimes can pose as threats. Following are the PEST analysis for the Indian Airline Industry. Political Factor In India, Political interference has effects of all the major industries. The airline industry in general is very susceptible to the political environment of a country. A country with unstable political environment can cause doubts in the minds of the traveler to travel to that particular country. India in particular has had to go through a lot in the recent years with mounting tensions with its western neighbours. The 26/11 terrorist attack on the financial capital of India has a profound impact on the airlines industry. Another example of political factor causing problems for the Airlines Industry in India lies in the corrupt state of affairs that lies in the administration. Bribes have to be paid to obtain licenses and permits. Even recently, one of the most respectable businessmen in the world, Mr. Ratan Tata complained about the corruption problem which discouraged him to start his own Airline Company. It was alleged that the civil aviation minister had asked Mr. Tata a sum of I NR 1.5 million as a bribe to give permit to start air services. State owned airline companies suffer the most because of this problem as due to political pressure, the government companies have to give special consideration with respect to route selection, offering free seats to the ministers etc. The state owned airline companies cannot stand up to the archaic laws, regulations and trade unions which in past have held the state owned enterprises on ransom. Currently, In terms of Investment FDI of 100% is allowed in the Airline Sector under the automatic route for Greenfield projects. Economic Factors Airline Industry is greatly impacted by the business cycles. It is considered a luxury to fly during the recession which then leads to cuts in spending eventually leading to reduction in the air fares. During prosperity, People spend more and that leads to increase in air fares. Recent global recession has had a deep impact on all the major industries in the world. Aviation Industry too had its own share of set backs. Corporate travelers were cutting back on travel which would save costs and leisure travelers had deferred their travel plans. Even a company like Citibank in India had to cut down its costs to increase its profits for which even the top managers were allowed only to travel by train. The loss of income due to economic factors forced the airline companies to execute the corporate restructuring program which resulted in several employees being laid off. Turnaround time, maintenance costs, jet fuels costs, staff costs, benefits costs etc. are some of the expenses which the airline companies have to take into consideration while pricing their air tickets. Anything below these costs the company losses which makes the company unsustainable in the industry/ Social Factors India, being a diverse country has people coming from different parts of the country with different culture, language, food and preferences. Airline industry need to understand this along with the fact that there are people with varied income group and their needs should be served accordingly. India is a land of extremes with people coming from different walks of life. For example, a person subscribing to Jain religion needs to be served a special Jain food and it could be kept in mind that the person sitting next to him can be a vegetarian. One of the finer examples can be drawn from South West Airlines which is a low frills airlines which has created a niche for itself in that segment. It has also successfully augmented its marketing mix strategy which has done wonders for it. Technological Factors Internet has opened avenues for the airlines industry in a way which could never have been comprehended. For Example, Jet Lite has introduced a service on its website where it auctions few unreserved seat on the flight one week prior to the departure date. Almost all airline companies offer their services through the internet. Right from booking the ticket to choosing the seat where one would prefer to sit on the flight. Apart from this, choosing the food from the menu can also be selected through the internet. Another good example of the impact of technology would be that of the Airport Authority of India, which with the help of technology was able to lease out its obsolete and unused hangers to international airlines thereby making huge profits out of the same. Technology development helps reduce costs, saves time and enhances service performance which is critical in a competitive industry like the Airlines industry. Porters Five Forces Michael Porter introduced a framework that models a sector or an industry as being influenced by five forces. This analysis has five-core element. These are 1. Bargaining Power of Suppliers 2. New Entrants 3. Threat of Substitutes 4. Competitive Rivalry 5. Bargaining Power of Customers Bargaining Power of Suppliers Suppliers for the Indian Airlines industry like other locations around the world as far as flight manufacturers are concerned are very limited. Globally, Airbus and Boeing are the only suppliers of aircraft which suit the industry requirements. There is limited bargaining opportunity for the Airline Industry in India hence is a threat for the industry. New Entrants It was difficult for a new player to enter the Airline Industry in India. There were lots of barriers to entry. Capital Investment to enter this industry is very high but banks have increased the possibilities to avail short term or long term loans with less interest rate thereby increasing the threat of new entrants in the present markets. Threat of Substitutes International routes do not have any threats as there is hardly any other form of feasible transportation available. However, Domestic travel can be competitive as high airfares encourage customers to look for alternatives ways to get to their destinations. Rail Road are probably the only feasible option available as they are only economical for shorter distances. A customer would prefer to travel long distance via road or rail only if the time factor allows the customer to take the alternative options. Competition Rivalry Rivalry within the industry is pretty intense at the moment as all the airlines are vying for attract customer by offering lower fares, membership privileges, free meals on board and other additional benefits to grab the customer from the competitors. Bargaining Power of Customer Indian travelers are highly price sensitive. With availability of many airlines to choose, cheaper price difference might just switch the customer to choose from one airline to another. Customers have some chance of bargaining in the domestic market as competition is intense in it whereas International routes gives less operations to bargain.

Aqua Games Played In Water Media Essay

Aqua Games Played In Water Media Essay Aqua games are usually referred to as the games that are normally played inside the water bodies. These games include the swimming, water volleyballs, throw balls and even water basket balls that are also played during these days. These games are played only in the water bodies. The games also include the muscle power and the mental power. The muscle power because the water games are played inside the water bodies and the one who cant balance his body with muscle power either end up drowning or even faints. The water games are not so easy to play as what they look so. These games are actually originated in the foreign countries and were introduced in India after the impact of the British. They usually used to play these games as an enjoyment while relaxing in the swimming pools built inside their forts and the palaces. Water games or the aqua games are either considered under the indoor games or the outdoor games. It will be known as an indoor game if there is a facility of water bodies inside the home or the outdoor games if the water games are played outside the homes. Water games are considered to the best and one among the international games of the world. These games have helped people to build the brotherhood between many countries that were formerly used to be the enemies. The ancient kings and the queens used to stronger their relationships with the neighboring dynasties through these aqua games. In one way or the other, the aqua games have helped out a nation to improve both ethically and also morally. The tie up of the relationships between the neighboring countries and the dynasties has helped out in maintaining a peaceful relationship between most of the countries which has resulted in the peaceful history. Coaching For The Game Games are referred to as an important part of human life. Games play a vital role in the growth of the human body. Games are one among the means in life where the healthy and the perfect growth of the body can be expected. The games are the passion of the people around the world. These games can be the part of the human life from birth to the death. Only the passion for the game can help people to get themselves into whatever field they would like to go to. The person decides the game or the field at which he would like to go on. The other things are decided after this vital decision of the person. The commonly found passion among the people of the world is most towards the game field. The decision of the person about the game is taken into the next step from the guidance of the perfect person or the institute where the person has to be trained with. The training or the guidelines about the selected field helps the person to select the required field he or she may choose to go. Next would be the importance of the coaching of the aim. No one can reach their goal if perfect coaching is not given. There will be people all around the world who would love to help those people who are passionate about the field which they choose to be in. The perfect coach and the strong passion towards the reaching of the goal are the only things that would anyone on the earth to be the one who has reached their destiny or you can also say that as the one who never gave up his passion and has reached his goal in his life. Equipment Used In The Games The games are the commonly found way of the utilization and the ones skills muscle power. Equipments are the other part of the game that is an important part and cannot be left out from the game when a game is thought about. Different games use different types of the equipments. When it comes to the cricket then the equipments that are used in the cricket are the bat, ball, hand and the leg glose, which protects the player, helmet and the every other protecting stuff. The football utilizes the equipments such as the colors or the uniforms that is used by the players to play the game. These uniforms are used only for the purpose of the indication of the unity among the players of the game. The other equipments are the common shoes and the other required protecting stuff. The volley ball and the throw ball games utilize the common equipments in both the games which are similar to that of the foot ball. The equipments differ with the different games. All the equipments are used only for the purpose of the protection of the players from the dangers that may occur while playing games. The other equipments that are commonly sold for the common people are the cricket bats, cricket balls, throw balls, foot balls, badminton cocks and bats, and every other game that are prevailed at that particular part of the world. Equipments are the most required things when it comes to playing of a game. Even the missing of one of the game equipments may lead to the flaw of the game. Today games play a vital role in the life of all the people than any other aspect in life. Most of them have come up in life only by the means of the games. Extreme Games Extreme games are referred to as those games where extreme actions or the stunts are used to win the game. These games are not ordinary games and most of the players has lost there life in these games. These games are not commonly played among the people. The extreme games include the car racing, bike racing, drifting, racing and the usage of every other means in order to win the match or the game. These means may also result in the giving up of oneÃÆ' ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s own life. The extreme games are those kind of games where the survival of the player is least expected. These games are not easy to play by the common man. The games include car racing of the track games. This game is like racing of the racers. It includes the usage of different kind of cars that are not used from the common man. This car game require only two people, one the driver or the and the other one is the navigator or the person who give the information about the tracks and the way to reach the destined goal. Here the danger is upon both the people. If the navigator does a slightest mistake then both the people may loose their lives. The other game is the bike racing. This game is commonly known among the people but it requires a high skill to balance the bikes. These bikes are designated for the racing purposes itself. These bikes cannot be handled by a common man since it requires a highly technical knowledge to balance them. The sky diving is one among the extreme games which are found played among the people. Here, the players dive from the helicopter with the required precautions. The length and the depth of the place where the helicopter lands soon the diver jumps matters a lot in this game. Group Games Group games are the games that are commonly played in groups or also in a team. These games include those games which are played among the international levels. These games have helped most of the countries to build up a good relationship among one another. The games such as the cricket, the football, the throw ball, the basket ball, the volley ball, etc are commonly played in the groups or the teams. The team games have reached into an international level with the best rewards. The games such as the crickets are commonly found played between two teams among the country or the world. These games are the only purpose of binding the relationship of the neighboring or the far away countries with one another. This game has also acted as a means of uniting the countries with one another. The other games are the foot ball where this game is played in a team or among two different teams. These teams are only the means and are commonly organized by the spectators that the teams play among each other and the relationship should strengthen between the countries. The other games are the throw ball where this game is normally played with the usage of the huge balls when compared what is used in the cricket. This game is one among those games where the balls are not supposed to be kicked and instead only catching and throwing work is done. The other game is the basket ball and this is that kind of game where no much people is used as a team as what it was used in the other games. Here limited and the less number of the players are used and are played with the limited time and the time will not be exceeded. Indoor Games Indoor games are referred to as those games which are usually played inside the house. These games do not require any energy or does not utilize muscle work. These games are the simple games that are usually played either by sitting on the floor or on a table or on the bed or in any other places inside a home. Indoor games include the games such as the carom, indoor basket ball, card games and the table top games. This type of games requires the minimum 2 members of the family or the friends. These games also help the children to enjoy their vacation during summers when they are not allowed to play out in the sun. The games usually could be seen played between the family members, friends and the relatives. These types of games help the family elders to enjoy with their children in the vacation times and also during the holiday times. The games such as the carom and the chess are considered to be as one among the international games that are played worldwide. The other petty games such as the snake and ladder, business, ludo, etc are simply played among the family members for their amusement purpose. The cards games such as the trump card games, 52 set games, the card suit games are those games that are fund usually played by the gamblers and are not considered to be the best games for the kids to play them. The table games such as the carom, snake and ladder, ludo, business, indoor table tennis, etc are few of the games where you can find the family members or the people enjoying their games by shouting louder in a friendly manner. The other royal and the indoor games are the pools, snookers and the billiards. This was called the royal games because no poor or a simple person can afford these games like all other games. Outdoor Games Outdoor games are usually referred to as those games that are played outside the home. These games require a heavy muscle work to play the games. These games include most of the games that are played inside a perimeter or simply the grounds. The games such as fishing are normally carried out in the banks of the water bodies. Fishing requires a highly calm mind and also the large amount of patience. Fishing is the commonly found solo game among every other game. The other games are the disc drives where the discs are thrown among two parallel people. The disc refers to the flat plate like structure that is mostly made of the plastic and is used only for the playing of the disc throw purposes. These games require a high muscle work. In this type of games two people stand exactly opposite to one another and start playing. The next games are the commonly known games all among the world. The cricket, foot ball, Throw ball, volley ball, and all other athletics come under the outdoor games. These games are commonly played in groups or the teams. Each requires more then 2 to 3 people to play these games. The other games are the shuttle-cock, badminton, and the other games that are commonly helpful in the healthy and a strong growth of the children. These games utilize more of the muscle energy and also exercise the whole body. The games that are played outside helps the people to expose themselves in to the outer environment which is required for a healthy growth of both the physical and the mental abilities of the students. These games are helpful in building a good relationship between to enemy countries through the matches where people like to see all play together rather than each play differently. These games help in building brotherhood between most of the countries. Snow Games Snow games are those games that are played in the snowy areas. These games require a very much daring mentality. These games include the solo games and also the group games. More than a group game it can also be considered as the fun and enjoyment of the people who play snow games with or without any companies. Snow games are also one among the games which were basically found and introduced by the outsiders of the country. These games can be played either as single or as solo players. Snow games were formally designated to be as simple games which were played from the people who would visit the snow covered areas. Snow games were found first by the ancient people who discovered that the falling on the snows would never hurt. And so they discovered various snow games to enjoy their free times. Later it was spread throughout the world. Snow games were simply meant as the solo game where one has to play alone to win. Later the adding up of the number of people into this field was started. Snow games are the most fun games where one would never get much hurt when fallen on the snows. These snow games require much of the skills to play with or else the one who would like to play will end up in getting into some kind of trouble. As soon as the snow gliding game starts, itÃÆ' ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s difficult for the one who started to stop the game by oneself. Snow games are much more fun when it is played under the guidance of the expertise. If the game is played without even thinking of having perfect training then it would be too difficult to overcome the circumstances which would come up in the last of the game. Solo Games Solo games are referred to as those games that are played just by a single person. Solo games are not that much popular when they are compared to the other type of games. These games are played alone and do not require any partners or friends to play with. Solo games are commonly known for those games where the games have to be played alone. These games will not be like those games where team work is used. This kind of games depends on the skills of the only person who would play it. The solo games include most of the daring or simply the extreme games. The game includes the bike racing, sky diving, underwater diving and many more. These games are the dangerous and the daring games and it will too much difficult if a slightest mistake occurs. The solo games are the most dangerous games and these games have to be played alone from the player. The other petty solo games are the games that are displayed in the malls. The choice of the games will be more here and every gain and the lost all will be of the person who would play it. These games were first used to tighten the relationships of the neighboring countries. Later it declined since there was not much advantage from these games and there were only disadvantages from these kinds of games. Solo games can also include the athletics and all other games that are included among the international games all around the world. Solo games are not that much popular since there is no team work here and the bonding also looses before getting strengthened. The solo games are not much encouraged in all the countries. And hence solo games have not found any popularity anywhere. Training To Reach The Goal Training is the most required part of oneÃÆ' ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s life who would never ever think to give up his or her goal. To reach this level one should have the perfect desire to win or to come up in life. Life never pushes you through your goal. It should be always you who would reach your goal. The first step towards the reaching of goal in life is to decide about the future which you should have to reach. Then it will be easy to decide everything that has to be done till that goal is reached. Every human being is born with the strong desire to achieve the goal. But most just give up because of the difficulties. The main part of the life is to have someone who would guide through every dark road till you reach the light that was designed for you. That someone is the trainer here who would help you to be prepared for the obstacles that would come through your life. The path of the goal will always be tough and will push you that much where you would just plan of giving up and turning back. But the truth is that the harder the life pushes you through, the stronger you would be to withstand all the difficulties of the life that would yet to come in future. Training is required for the people to know about the actual life. The trainer teaches you to slide through all the obstacles. That teaching is known as the training here where you would be fully prepared for any of the difficulties when your training is finished or the teaching is done. Teaching is so much helpful in life that the people will never learn to either give up or to turn back in life.

Drugs in United States Essay -- Drug Trafficking Drugs Essays

Drugs in United States Drugs are a complex problem with widespread political, economic and social implications for producing, transit, and consumer nations. In the area of foreign policy, political and economic instability in drug producing areas around the world-and particularly in Latin America is an epidemic that cannot be ignored. The objective of this paper is to asses the past issues, current status, and future prospects of the US war on drugs in Latin America - specifically Panama. It begins with a brief overview of the basic problems of drug use in America, and examines how the United States has handled the specific situation of General Noriega and the Panamanians. Finally, I will examine an array of policy options presently available to the United States in its campaign against drug trafficking in Panama and other Latin American countries. During the late 1980's, the presence of narcotics trafficking in the world grew rapidly. Many claimed that the United States was facing a national security crisis as far as drugs were concerned. In 1988, as may as 75 percent of more criminals arrested in major American cities tested positive for drugs[1]. A Justice Department study backs up this allegation finding that one-half to three-quarters of the men arrested for serious crimes in 12 major cities tested positive for the recent use of illegal drugs whereas a similar study done four years prior showed that only 56 percent of those arrested for serious crimes were abusing drugs prior to their arrest[2]. In addition, out of 1.2 million intravenous drug users in America, 250,000 of them are infected with AIDS. It was estimated that the cost of drugs to American society measured in terms of death, illness, crime, lost ... ...ngton, D.D. (30 September) [11] Sciolino, E. & Endelberg (1988) ?Narcotics Effort Failed by US Security Goals.? New York Times (April 10th): Y [12] Sciolino, E. & Endelberg (1988) ?Narcotics Effort Failed by US Security Goals.? New York Times (April 10th): Y [13] ?Columbia and the War on Drugs.? Foreign Affairs, 67, 1 (Fall) 70-92. (1988) [14]? Drugs, Law Enforcement, and Foreign Policy: Panama? Hearings before the Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics and International Communications of the Committee on Foreign Relations United States [15] Sciolino, E. & Endelberg (1988) ?Narcotics Effort Failed by US Security Goals.? New York Times (April 10th): Y [16] Moss, A. (1988) ?Drugs and Politics in Panama.? Paper prepared for the ?Drug Trafficking in the Americas? Conference. The Wilson Center, Smithsonian Institute, Washington, D.D. (30 September)

Culture Schock Essay -- essays research papers

Culture in ancient times was defined as â€Å"the sum total of the equipment of the human individual, which enables him to be attuned to his immediate environment on the historical past on the other†. It reflects in effect what humans have added to Nature. It comprises the spiritual, material, intellectual and emotional features of a society and includes, in addition to the arts and letters, the value systems, traditions, modes of life and beliefs of the society. It also absorbs from other cultures and undergoes changes with time, sometimes beneficial, sometimes regressive. (Barlas, 15). Culture shock is a severe psychological reaction that results from adjusting to the realities of a society radically different from one’s own. The actual degree of culture shock may vary depending on the differences and similarities between the society studied and the persons’ own society. The symptoms may range from mild irritation to surprise or disgust. (Scupin, 124). Usually after the person experiencing culture shock learns the norms, beliefs, and practices of the community, the psychological disorientation of culture shock begins to diminish. This paper will be based upon culture shock and international business. There are three areas where culture shock could affect you: 1. Emotions-you have to cope with the stress of international work and keeping an emotional balance in order to perform in a business. 2. Thinking style- you have to understand how your counterparts think and be able to develop culturally effective solutions. 3. Social skills and social identity- you need effective social skills to establish new business relationships. (Marx, 25). This differs from manager to manager, some managers seem to adapt in an almost chameleon –like way to different countries, whereas others cling desperately to their habits and their national approaches. Working in a new culture can produce a variety of reactions, such as;  · Confusion about what to do  · Anxiety  · Frustration  · Exhilaration  · Inappropriate social behavior  · Inability to get close to your business partner and clinch the deal  · Feeling isolated  · Becoming depressed All of the above are possible reactions to culture shock, the shock we experience when we are confronted with the unknown the â€Å"foreign†. The term culture shock was coined by the anthropologists Oberg, who explained both the symptoms and the process o... ...location. It is as likely to occur in a country near your home base as in posting further afield.  · As soon as you arrive in your new location, identify all the opportunities for building support networks with other international managers and local people.  · As with any stressful situation, fight it, don’t give in to it. So don’t resort to escapist strategies such as drinking or eating too much and don’t deny your symptoms.  · Ask other international managers for guidance on the issues and problems to look out for. Learn from their experience  · Give yourself time to adapt and don’t rush into too many work-related projects as the start of the assignment. Make sure that the organization gives you this time too.  · Don’t hesitate to seek professional help of symptoms persist despite your coping effort. Help may be available within your company or externally through counselors or the medical profession.  · Expect the same symptoms to reoccur when you come home. Reverse culture shock is normal.  · Think about the positive aspects of culture shock-people who experience it adapt better to their new environment than those who do not.  · Retain a sense of humor! (Marx, 18). Word Count: 1199

Free Essays - Human Nature in Hamlet :: Shakespeare Hamlet Essays

Human Nature in Hamlet       The play, Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, shows human nature to be greedy, self-involved and vengeful. Claudius is driven by his greed to commit murder. Polonius is always looking out for himself, currying favor at the expense of anyone in his way. Hamlet thinks only of vengeance from the moment he finds out about Claudius murdering his father. Human nature has been all of these things, but it has also evolved through the ages. We can be base and cruel, but we can also show great compassion and kindness.    Claudius kills his own brother so that he can claim the crown and the queen. He disposes of a good and noble king to satisfy his greed. He sacrifices his brother, the good of the country, and the happiness of many to fulfill his ambition. He cares only for himself. Knowingly or not, most humans, at one point or another, will be driven by greed. Most, however, will not have the determination and desperation that Claudius displays. This is partly because of the differences of the times. In the time period that Shakespeare wrote the play, murder was heavily frowned upon as it is now. Greed is part of all people. They see something they want and they tell themselves that it is only what they deserve. It is inescapable, but we can control it to a certain degree.    Polonius characterizes the aspect of human nature that is self-concern. He is constantly looking for ways to ingratiate himself to the king. He sacrifices his own daughter's happiness so that he can prove his theories about Hamlet's madness to the king. Self-concern is another inherent trait that humans cannot escape. People are constantly thinking about themselves and how things are going to affect their lives. They care deeply for their own well being. Certainly they think about others occasionally, but their own person is always number one in their minds.    Vengefulness is yet another inexorable human trait. Hamlet's entire character is changed by his need for revenge. He starts out as a serene, learned young man but the need for vengeance twists his soul to the point where he is driven only by his need for pay back.

Research Methods Course Outline Essay

The course aims at deepening the students understanding of the integration of Airports as a key part of the economy in less than one century since their inception. It also helps the students learn about the dynamics of the airports and the challenges facing the growth of airports as part of the service sector. The students get to know and understand the forces involved in running and maintaining an airport system. Topics to be covered 1. Introduction a) What is operations management and what does it involve? b) Why is airport operations management important in the running of airports? 2. Background of Airport business a) History and commercialization of airports b) Description of the air transport system 3. Queuing theory a) What is queuing theory b) Importance of queuing theory in airport operations c) Service structure in a queuing system 4. Airport Facility location and layout a) Importance of airport facility location b) Importance of airport layout 5. Airport technical and essential services a) What are airport technical services b) History of airport technical services c) Other essential services at airports 6. Airport Capacity and delay a) Factors affecting capacity and delay in commercial airports b) Strategies to reduce airport delays. c) Grand Father rights and their effects on airport delays 7. Airport Aircraft emergencies a) Definition of Aircraft Accidents and Incidents b) Description of aircraft accidents by phase of flight c) Managing human factors to reduce aircraft accidents d) Categories of aircraft emergencies at airports e) Airport emergency plan 8. Financing of airport operations and business a) What is financing b) Budgeting for airport operations c) Sources of Airport Revenues d) Funding of airport operations 9. Managing airport projects a) What is project Management b) Project management skills and requirements c) Feasibility study for projects 10. Comparison of leaders and managers a) Why are firms changing from management to leadership b) Comparison of various leadership theoriesapplicable to airport operations management 11. The future of the airport business and operations a) Planning for future development and expansion of airports b) Managing the â€Å"knock on† effects in the airport business c) Challenges facing the airport business and the aviation industry. d) Conclusion of the course.

Optical Illusion on Oedipus Rex and Othello

The theme of appearance and reality is such a dominant one in Oedipus Rex and Othello, and the obsession with appearance plays such an important part in bringing them closer to Oedipus’ and Othello’s tragedy, that the plays can be termed a tragedies of appearance in human life, in which the opposite of appearance is truth or reality. But this theme of uncertain vision is presented through different thematic expression in bith tragedies. Sophocles takes an internal element of character into consideration whereas Shakespeare hold a mixture of internal and external elements responseble fior the optical illusions of Othello and other characters in the play. At first it is on behalf of appearance that we see a battle waged in Oedipus red. As this battle progresses we see appearance losing more and more ground. The first stage in it is the institution of the divinely-instructed enquiry into the death of Laius, which means that the appearance of it that it was the work of outland robbers-is not trusted. Quite early in the enquiry, Oedipus is led astray by an appearance-that the robbers who were alleged to have attacked Laius must have been associated with Thebes, and the suspicion that Creon must have at their back. `the question points to Creon. Creon gives the appearance of evading it. The suspicion, he says, that unavoidably arose could not be pursued after the deed. Why not? The sphinx came†¦ for some time after this, to be sure, the suspicion seems to lie dormant. But the focus of attention is no longer on the scene of the crime, or the way it happened, but rather on those who were ultimately responsible, and Thebes. Then suddenly, after the quarrel with the hostile and apparently malevolent prophet, the suspicion is confirmed, the connection between Creon and Teiresias is established, and the existence of a whole web of enmity stands corroborated as fact. ’ Oedipus suspects that the robbers were bribed to play their part, and ultimately he thinks that both Creon and Teiresias were behind them. Thus the supposed existence of a plot to murder Laius is another appearance which leads Oedipus astray. So Oedipus is to become concerned with appearances which it becomes his life’s mission to investigate, so that he may get at the underlying truth or reality. Appearance and truth come into picture also in the discussion of faulty vision of Oedipus. Another manifestation of Oedipus’ obsession with appearance is his intellectual myopia. He has a limited vision and is unable to assess the situations in a right perspective. Robert L. Kane (1975) puts this preposition in this way; â€Å"He[Oedipus] was the victim of an optical illusion†. (p. 196) The juxtaposition between â€Å"outward magnificence and inward blindness of Oedipus and the outward blindness and inward sight of the prophet† (Kirkwood, p. 30) depicts two types of blindness i. e. physical and intellectual. One is related to physical sight whereas the other, the most pernicious type of blindness, pertains to insight. Teiresias is physically blind but whereas Oedipus is blind intellectually. This intellectual blindness of Oedipus also contributes greatly to his believe in appearance rather than truth and ultimately leads him to his tragic destination. Oedipus pos sesses faultless physical vision throughout play except in the end but he remains blind to the reality regarding himself. At one point in the play, he has the ability to see but he is not willing to do so. Additionally it is his faulty intellectual insight make him believe in the apearence of some unknown enemy and he pronounces on him the sentence of outlawry and also uttes a curse on him. The reality of it that it is on himself that he is passing both the sentences, is umknown to him. However, we may notice that the gradual and increasing loss of Oedipus’ detachment and the growing references to himself raise the suspicion that unconciously Oedipus know what reality lies hidden behind the appearance. Unlike Oedipus Rex, in Othello it is the machination of Iago that blurs the visiioon of Othello and deprives â€Å"noble Moor† to distinguish between reality and apprearence. Othello, together with several other characters largely depend on their visual faculties that is distorted and warped by the skillfull trickery of Iago. These character along with Othello base their conclusion about realities what apears to them and do not delve deep into the reality of the things. But unlike Oedipus their optical allusion is not result of something inherent in their charcter. Othello is intelligent enough that he knows that looks can be decieving but Iago trciker blinds him. For example, Othello notices that Cassio walks off swiftly after having a conversation with Desdemona. Although Othello does not see incongruity in their meeting but Iago presents this meeting differently and sneakily. Iago murmurs to Othello, â€Å"†¦I cannot think it, that he would steal away so guilty like. † (lll,iii,42) Here the machination makes the vision of Othello illusory and he concludes erreaneously as he says, â€Å"†¦I do believe ‘twas he. (lll,iii,44) But as a matter of fact, Cassio and Desdemona converse about getting Cassio’s job back as Desdemona says to Cassio: I know’t. I thank you. You do love my lord; /You have known him long; and be you well assured He shall in strangeness stand no farther off Than in politic distance. (lll,iii,11) But Othello believes what he observed and percieved through the lenses of suspicion that iago sowed in his mind. This lead to a dilemma that becomes unfixanle later and ultimately leads to the tragedy of Othello. This is interesting to note that all characters in the play, except for Roderigo (to whom Iago sometimes shows his real face) have a high opinion of Iago and refer to him as â€Å"honest Iago†. The Mutual relationship between Iago and Othello is of trust and reliance on the part of Othello but it is conniving and devious on the part of Iago. Iago has same relationship with Cassio. Cassio is also deceived by the seeming virtue of Iago and actually believes that ensign is a kind-hearted man. But at the same time is a rival to Iago in the royal court. Unlike pride in Oedipus over his abilities, it is element of trust that deprives Othello of his vision and makes him believe in appeareance as ultimate reality. Although when Iago starts working on Othello, he suspects him and asks for evidence, yet from the beginning of the play, he seems to have put entire confidence in the honesty of Iago, who had not been his companions in arms. This confidence is misplaced but it is no sign of stupidity in Othello. He does not have a distinctive fear of him. We find this even before Iago has set a trap for him. Othello fears the monster â€Å"too hideous to be shown† that he discerns about Iago’s thoughts. This manifests a strange relationship based on paradoxical feelings. It is of confidence, trust and fear. But latter events show that Othello’s trust in Iago overpowers the instinctive fear. This happens due to Othello’s non-meditative nature. He does not contemplate over issues and does not weigh their motive and consequences. A. C. Bradley rightly says in this regard; The sources of danger in this character are revealed but too clearly by the story. In the first place, Othello's mind, for all its poetry, is very simple. He is not observant. His nature tends outward. He is quite free from introspection, and is not given to reflection. Emotion excites his imagination, but it confuses and dulls his intellect. (p. 217) Above-mentioned arguments and supporting textual and extra-textual evidence clearly suggest that in Oedipus Rex, it is something habitual and internal in the chracter of Oedipus himself who is unable to distinguish between what seems to be and what actually is whereas it is an external element (Iago) as well as an internal element (his thorough trust on Iago) in Othello that leads to the optical illusion.

Nature vs. Nurture in Language Development

What is Language? Language is a tool we have been using to understand and develop our thinking. We have been: Learning about the thinking of others by reading Expressing our own thinking through writing Exchanging ideas with others by speaking and listening Thought and language can contribute to clear, effective thinking and communication. Language is a system of symbols for thinking and communicating. At 5 years of age human is expected to have; Articulated speech, Vocabulary of more than 6000 words and Observe grammar rules.An Average speaker is expected to have; 150 words per minute, 20,000 and 40,000 alternatives and error rates below 0. 1%. There are two theories concerning Nature or Rationalism in Language and these are the Nativism and Child Talk model of Chapman et al. (1992). In the child talk theory the child’s needs will enable him to formulate speech based on his past experiences. Nature or rationalist theory is based on the following study by prominent people in h uman history: 1. PLATO knowledge and understanding: * innate * biological * genetically * common nature . Rene Descartes (1596 – 1650) Ideas existed within human beings prior to experience. * God * ability of the environment and the mind to influence and initiate behavior * reflex action (unintended behaviors) 3. Kant (1724-1804) â€Å"A priori† knowledge as illustrated below. 4. CHOMSKY The Nativist Perspective: Human beings are born with an innate capacity for language. Universal Grammar * An innate property of the human mind * Growth of language is analogous to the development of a bodily organ * Abstract that it could not be learned at allPrinciples of UG: 1. Language is innate 2. Our brains contain a dedicated special-purpose learning device that has evolved for language alone. * domain specificity, autonomy or modularity Nurture states that knowledge originates in the environment and comes in through the senses. This theory is called Empiricism defines as the imp ortance of sensory experience as the basis of all knowledge. Empiricism is otherwise known as the doctrine that says sense experience is the only source of knowledge, a belief that experience alone is the source of all knowledge.Empiricism is essentially a theory of knowledge which asserts that all knowledge is derived from sense experience. It rejects the notion that the mind is furnished with a range of concepts or ideas prior to experience. Three principal British philosophers who are associated with empiricism are John Locke (1632-1704), George Berkeley (1685-1753), and David Hume (1711-76). in philosophy, a doctrine that affirms that all knowledge is based on experience, and denies the possibility of spontaneous ideas or a priori thought. Empiricism (greek from empirical, latin experientia – the experience) is generally regarded as being at the heart of the modern scientific method, that our theories should be based on our observations of the world rather than on intuit ion or faith; that is, empirical research and a posteriori inductive reasoning rather than purely deductive logic. Other basis of empiricism are: 1. ARISTOTLE * Truth and knowledge to be found outside of ourselves by using our senses. 2. Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712 – 1778) * Emile: the hero learns about life through his experiences in life 3.John Dewey (1859 – 1952) * Structured experience matters and disciplinary modes of inquiry could allow the development of the mind. 4. Edward Thorndike (1874 – 1949) STIMULUS – RESPONSE * people learned through a trial-and-error approach * mental connections are formed through positive responses to particular stimuli * learning was based on an association between sense impressions and an impulse to action * structure the environment to ensure certain stimuli that would ‘produce’ learning 5. Psychologist B. F.Skinner (behaviorism or associationism) 3 needs for language formation: * time * opportunity * com puting power Skinner further explains that learning is the production of desired behaviors without any influence of mental processes. Programmed learning is positive reinforcement for â€Å"correct† responses Let us now bridge the gap between nature and nurture. Learning is a developmental cognitive process, human create/construct knowledge. There are three theories involved in this process; constructivism, progressivism and language acquisition theory.We will discuss first constructivism , the following diagrams will show us. Diagram 1: Psychologist Jean Piaget proposed two kind of interaction: * Simple interactions: putting together * Emergentism: adding more to what was put together The first box shows simple interaction while the second box shows emergentism. Diagram 2 shows us how the brain is constructed with interaction to the environment. Diagram 2: Vygotsky (1896 – 1934) states that all learning occurs in a cultural context and involves social interactions.The zone of proximal development (ZPD)learn subjects best just beyond their range of existing experience with assistance from the teacher or another peer to bridge the distance from what they know or can do independently and what they can know or do with assistance (Schunk, 1996) â€Å"scaffolding† that help students learn in systematic ways. This is illustrated further illustrated in diagram 3. To Piaget there are three element involved in interaction the structured environment, the senses and the brain. Vygotsky added one more element nother human being that makes now the elements of interaction four namely structured environment, the senses, another human being and the brain. Diagram 3: Second theory in bridging the gap is Progressivism which emphases on both experience and thinking or reflection as a basis for learning explore, discover, construct, and create. Emergentist (Tomasello & Call, 1997) said that there is something innate in the human brain that makes language poss ible, something that we do with a large and complex brain that evolved to serve the many complex goals of human society and culture.A new machine built out of old parts, reconstructed from those parts by every human child. ( contrast to domain specificity ). Diagram 4 will show us people cannot create something from nothing. People can create but from something already there. The picture on the left is the nurtured face while the picture on the right is the natural face. Diagram 4: LAD THEORY ( Language Acquisition Device ) Chomsky regards linguistics as a subfield of psychology, more especially the cognitive psychology.The Language Acquisition Device: Chomsky argues that language is so complex that it is almost incredible that it can be acquired by a child in so short a time. He further says that a child is born with some innate mental capacity which helps the child to process all the language which he hears. This is called the quot;Language Acquisition Devicequot; (LAD). Chomsky a nd his followers claim that language is governed by rules, and is not a haphazard thing, as Skinner and his followers would claim. We must remember that when Chomsky talks about rules, he means the unconscious rules in a child's mind.A child constructs his own mental grammar which is a part of his cognitive framework. These rules enable him to produce grammatical sentences in his own language. Chomsky does not mean that child can describe these rules explicitly. For instance, a four or five year old child can produce a sentence like, I have taken meal, he can do that because he has a ‘mental grammar' which enables him to form correct present perfect structures and also to use such structures in the right or appropriate situation. Language learning Input Mental grammar Is an (own rules) Innate ability LADGrammatical Output sentencesChomsky suggests that the learner of any language has an inbuilt learning capacity for language that enables each learner to construct a kind of per sonal theory or set of rules about the language based on very limited exposure to language. John Watson / Behaviorism A branch of psychology that bases its observations and conclusions on definable and measurable behavior and on experimental methods, rather than on concept of ;quot;mind. â€Å" Behaviorism is a psychological theory first put forth by John Watson (1925), and then expounded upon by BF Skinner.Attempting to answer the question of human behavior, proponents of this theory essentially hold that all human behavior is learned from one's surrounding context and environment. Diagram 5 shows the imitation process * Children start out as clean slates and language learning is process of getting linguistic habits printed on these slates * Language Acquisition is a process of experience * Language is a ‘conditioned behavior’: the stimulus response process * Stimulus – Response, Feedback – Reinforcement Diagram 5:SUMMARY Rationalism ( Bloomfield & Noam Chomsky ) states the nativist or innateness where children must be born with an innate capacity for language development. Children are born with an innate propensity for language acquisition, and that this ability makes the task of learning a first language easier than it would otherwise be. The human brain is ready naturally for language in the sense when children are exposed to speech, certain general principles for discovering or structuring language automatically begin to operate.Constructivism ( Jean Piaget ) proponent of cognitive theory which introduced that language Acquisition must be viewed within the context of a child’s intellectual development. Linguistic structures will emerge only if there is an already established cognitive foundation. The earliest period of language learning (up to 18 months), relating to the development of what Piaget called ‘sensory motor’ intelligence, in which children construct a mental picture of a world of objects that hav e independent existence.During the later part of this period, children develop a sense of object permanence and will begin to search for the objects that they have seen hidden. This is further emphasized by Vygotsky in his socio-cultural approach to knowledge. Another theory by C. A. Ferguson (1977) known as the Input Theory claiming that parents do not talk to their children in the same way as they talk to other adults and seem to be capable of adapting their language to give the child maximum opportunity to interact and learn. REFERENCES:Pinel, JJ (2011) Biopsychology; Eighth Edition, Allyn& Bacon. Nature versus nurture – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Nature_versus_nurturePowell, K. (n. d. ). Nature vs Nurture – How heredity and environment shape who we are. Retrieved from http://genealogy. about. com/cs/geneticgenealogy/a/nature_nurture. htmPowell, K. (). Nature vs Nurture – how heredity and environment shape who we are. Retrieved from http://genealogy. about. com/cs/geneticgenealogy/a/nature_nurture_2. htm

Life today is better Essay

Nowadays life is more comfortable, convenient and better than it was a century before. Modern facilities for health, education, communication and transport have added a lot in bringing betterment to the life of people. Advances in technology have provided people with many ways to spend their leisure time and they also have more opportunities to utilize their physical and mental abilities to achieve a better living standard. Technology and education have got much better as compared to the past as there are more schools, colleges and universities giving basic and modern education. Subsequently, it has revolutionized all the sectors of society. For instance, in the past 100 years, research surveys indicate that millions of people died due to disease outbreaks and absence of cures and appropriate health facilities. But now the mortality rate has significantly reduced because there are hospitals available almost in every town, equipped with basic emergency requirements. Medical research and inventions have eradicated many diseases from the world. Communication has become much easier and fast as internet, mobile phones, television are available nowadays. There is no need to write long descriptive letters and wait for the response for long time. One can talk and even watch his loved ones with only a single click. They provide a better source of recreation too, thus helping to get rid of boredom. Similarly, infrastructure has been improved hence it has upgraded the standard of travelling. One can travel long distances using airplane in few hours while it was not possible some years ago. People had to travel for days to cover long distances on animals, keeping heavy luggage and food with them. Development in industrial sectors has opened new areas for work to earn a living. It has introduced a wide range of career choices so that one can opt for what he likes to do instead of sticking with the occupation of ancestors. It can be inferred from the above arguments that standard of life is far better than it was in the past. People have more facilities and choices for spending and maintaining their lives. It has all happened due to the advent of education and technology that was absent in the past.

Exploring Proper Use of APA Style Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Exploring Proper Use of APA Style - Essay Example All the sources and works used in certain writing must be cited to acknowledge the authors (Bloch 210). Citing the sources of the information written by a student in an assignment depend on the style that a person wishes to use for the assignment. The styles include MLA, APA, Harvard and others and all of them are cited differently (Pecorari 324). All of them require citations after each phrase or sentences that are taken from other sources. In a paper or assignment cited in the APA style, the students must include the author’s sir name and the year of publication in the in text and in the references, details of the books, articles or other sources used should be included (Currie 15). Determining where to put the citations has been a problem to many students in higher learning institutions. Students should have knowledge of all types of citation styles to avoid skipping on important areas which requires citations. Author’s sir name should be included in the in text of all citation styles. Students should do lots of tests to enhance their knowledge on places where they should put their citations (Bloch 219). To effectively avoid plagiarism, students must be fully aware of what is plagiarism and the effects it can bring in their academic lives. Students can avoid plagiarism by taking careful and organized notes during lecture times and when they are reading from books, articles and other sources. They should be sure to include citations after each phrase or sentence taken from those sources (Hall 34). Students should manage their time effectively so that they can have enough time to do their assignments. It is clear that students who do their assignment in the last moment have the tendency to plagiarize so that they can meet their deadlines. Time management helps the students to finish their quality assignment without plagiarizing. A person must be aware of when and

What factors can positively and negatively impact the implementation Research Paper

What factors can positively and negatively impact the implementation and use of a Business Intelligence (BI) application Define these factors, and explain how they may impact BI implementation - Research Paper Example Several global companies around the world like that of Microsoft and Oracle have recognized the need and the value of using business intelligence. The ease of use and the flexibility have made the application a very useable application both by the employee and the employer. Communication system effectiveness has made a significant contribution to the progression of human endeavor. Information is presently utilized as well as generated at a rapid rate. The growth of number of organizations and increase in specialization and also divisionalization has fashioned barriers in the process of information flow. There is also an ever increasing need for undertaking more rapid decisions at various level of responsibility far below the amount which was required in the past. Automation has turned out to be an efficient method for disseminating and retrieving information. There has been development of newer techniques which can be used to disseminate data quickly to the appropriate places and also furnish different information on demand. The techniques used for this purpose are ‘auto abstracting of documents’, ‘auto encoding of documents’, automatic creation and also updating of action-point based profiles. These statistical based procedur es can be used to present data processing machines. A comprehensive system can be prepared along with suitable communication facilities and input-output equipment. This system can accommodate all the information related problems which may be present in an organization. This multi functional system can be referred as Business Intelligence (BI) System (Luhn 1958). Business Intelligence (BI) can be stated as the process of turning a data into information and subsequently into knowledge. Business intelligence is a key enabler for the increase of performance as well as value. Knowledge aspect is typically attained about the customer decision making procedures, customer needs, general economic, and conditions in

Mass Media paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mass Media paper - Essay Example Living room has the television, outer lawn has the newspaper, car has the radio, mailboxes are full of mailers and journals while office table has the Internet and computer. The penetration is so deep that it won't be an exaggeration to say that no citizen can escape the news, views, and opinions, in different forms from the media. Political field is one such field which encompasses all aspects of our social life. So it is affected the most by media. Media has become an integral part of our lives and therefore they generate popular interest and debate about any social problem that we can think of. Media prospers and becomes more meaningful in a democratic environment like USA, India etc. It provides information: Media provides an access to government decisions and the decision taking process. Media also provides a scope for the public to know as to why the decision taker has taken such a decision. Accountability: Media has the ability to hold government officials accountable - either to the legal system or to public opinion - when they violate the law or when they act in ways that adversely affect people's interests. 3. At times shrewd political parties and politicians manipulate the media to serve their own interests. In fact now there are media channels/ newspapers set up by political parties/ leaders to influence the public opinion.

See below Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

See below - Essay Example All the three smartphones allow wireless connectivity or Wi-Fi, WAP, use Java platform and provide real time services like social networking and business related software including multimedia features along with internet based services in the phones that facilitated browsing, email services etc. Ballano (2011) had reported Android.Pjapps, a type of Trojan virus that operates in background and sends or blocks messages. The jailbroken iphones were hacked by Ikee worm (virus) that scans random IP ranges and changes wallpaper to Ricky Astley’s picture. Though, no virus is found in Blackberry devices but CBC (2006) had warned that a flaw in its system could affect TIFF files. Some proponents have stated that smartphones do not need ani-virus software. I do not agree with them mainly because all technology is vulnerable to anti-virus and other forms of malware. These are destructive software that are designed to corrupt relevant information and reduce the efficiency of the device. Like computers, smartphones also become susceptible to external threats through downloads from internet or by using external storage devices that might have viruses. Hence, constant update on the viruses becomes intrinsic part of smartphones security also. (words:

Vulnerable population-Mentally Ill Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Vulnerable population-Mentally Ill - Essay Example According to Stanton (2001), Alzheimer’s disease is a manifestation of dementia which occurs between ages 30-40 but common for 65 years old and older individuals. This disorder gets worse as time passes and it is a â€Å"degenerative disease that attacks the brain and results in increasingly impaired memory, thinking, reasoning, and behavior† (Stanton, 2001, n.pag.). The Department of Psychiatry New York University School of Medicine (n.d.) stated that United States has 4 million cases of AD on the aged. This paper will tackle on designing a program for elders having Alzheimers Disease and justifying whether home care or nursing home care is the most effective way on promoting wellness of these individuals. This is significant to gain focus as to which of the two health care setting would provide the most effective way of caring for the elderly and especially those with AD. This program starts from little pieces of ideas, goals and plans in combating Alzheimer’s Disease. This centers a simple community with an average number of population. The city of Colton under San Bernardino County is a community of close family relations, and known to be one of the developed dominions in the United States (â€Å"Demographics,† n.d.). Colton has 52,154 population as of 2010 (â€Å"Colton, California,† 2011). Colton’s history of having rich family ties sets them as perfect focus in extending programs of wellness of the aged, prevention and specific care for those having Alzheimer’s Disease within the family. Aside from support systems, it is important that an institution and program fit the standard needs of their client. The community as a whole needs to contribute to this as well by providing support and means of development. A 2010 study revealed that there are 2,153 under the 65 to 74 age bracket, 1, 277 for ages 75- 84 and 503 for ages 85 and above (â€Å"Colton CA,† n.d.). Estimated â€Å"median household income by age†